fong I

Question 1

where are most of the interstitial fluids?

Answer 1

in the ECF

Question 2

the volume of the ECF is determined by what organ?

Answer 2

the kidneys

Question 3

during acidosis, how does the kidney compensate?

Answer 3

the proximal tubules compensate by oxidizing glutamine to form HCO-/3 (absorbed into blood) and NH+/4 is excreted

Question 4

when does gluconeogenesis happen in the kidney?

Answer 4

in times of fasting

Question 5

what important regulatory hormones does the kidney produce or regulate?

Answer 5

renin, 1-alpha 25-dihydroxvitamin D3, and erythropoietin

Question 6

generally the kidneys function to maintain what?

Answer 6

homeostasis

Question 7

total body water comprises what percentage of body weight?

Answer 7

~60%

Question 8

how much of the water in our bodies is in the ICF? ECF?

Answer 8

ICF = 2/3
ECF = 1/3

Question 9

how does the body govern the amount of fluid in a particular compartment?

Answer 9

1. hydrostatic pressure
2. oncotic pressure
3. Starling forces
4. osmotic pressure

Question 10

what is oncotic pressure?

Answer 10

the pressure that is exerted by large molecules in a solution

Question 11

oncotic pressure does what to water?

Answer 11

oncotic pressure DRAWS water

Question 12

hydrostatic pressure does what to water?

Answer 12

hydrostatic pressure PUSHES water

Question 13

what is Kf in the Starling force eq?

Answer 13

filtration coefficient

Question 14

what is Pc in the Starling force eq?

Answer 14

hydrostatic pressure, capillary

Question 15

what is Pi,i in the Starling force eq?

Answer 15

oncotic pressure, interstitial

Question 16

what is Pi in the Starling force eq?

Answer 16

hydrostatic pressure, interstitial

Question 17

what is Pi,c in the Starling force eq?

Answer 17

oncotic pressure, capillary

Question 18

what happens when blood pressure affects the distribution of volume between the IVF and ISF?

Answer 18

edema

Question 19

what does renin involved in?

Answer 19

regulating blood pressure

Question 20

what is 1-alpha,25-dihyroxvitamin D3 involved in?

Answer 20

calcium homeostasis

Question 21

what is erythropoietin involved in?

Answer 21

RBC production

Question 22

one of the most important functions of the kidney is what?

Answer 22

to maintain the COMPOSITION and VOLUME of the ECF

Question 23

the volume in a given compartment depends on the ?

Answer 23

NUMBER of solute particles in that compartment

Question 24

the volume in a given compartment does NOT depend on?

Answer 24

any specific property of a solute (eg. charge, size, shape)

Question 25

what does osmotic gradients govern?

Answer 25

water movements

Question 26

lower concentration of osmotically active solutes exerts what kind of osmotic pressure?

Answer 26

lower osmotic pressure

Question 27

higher concentration of osmotically active solutes exerts what kind of osmotic pressure?

Answer 27

higher osmotic pressure

Question 28

are most biological membranes permeable to water?

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

water permeation across a membrane requires what?

Answer 29

osmotic gradient

Question 30

what is the concept of set point?

Answer 30

1. system requires SENSORS/DETECTORS 2. coordination of sensed signals 3. feedback/adjustment mechanisms: EFFECTORS