For Final Flashcards
Wolff’s law
Bone: every change in form and/or function of bone is followed by a definite change in the internal architecture and external conformation, as it aligns with mathematical laws
this type of bone growth (app or inter) can only occur whil the epiphyseal plate is growing
interstitial
interstitial growth bone occurs in
occurs at hyaline cartilage of epiphyseal plate, increases length
appositional bone growth occurs in
endosteum and `periosteum, puts down new bone, for width
Nerve def
bundle of axons, conduct electricity
receptor def
special sensory cells that detect stimulus
Nervous system subdivisions
CNS: brain, spinal cord PNS: nerves, receptors -> sensory ->motor --> Somatic -->Autonomic --->Parasympathetic --->sympathetic
Neuroblastoma (what is)
most common neural cancer in childhood, <2yo. Endocrine and neural tissue, adrenal gland
describe what these do:
- soma (perikaryon) of neuron
- Dendrite
- Axon
- Schwann cell
- Axon hillock
- telodentrites (axon terminals)
- soma (perikaryon) of neuron: integration center
- Dendrite: receptor
- Axon: transmit AP
- Schwann cell: insulate axon (myelin) speed up AP
- Axon hillock: where electrical current begins
- Telodendrites (axon terminals): transmits signal to next cell at the synapse
interneurons are only located in
the CNS
list the neuron structural classifications, what are they are base on?
Based on the # processes the neuron has
unipolar: 1 attachment to body (sensory neurons)
multipolar: 3 or more attachmt (typical neuron image) 99% of neurons, includes interneurons (anaxonic)
bipolar: to attachment (rare in adults, eyes have)
all sensory neurons are multi, uni or bi polar?
unipolar
List the glial cells in the CNS (4)
- astrocytes: blood-brian barrier
- oligodendrites: form myelin sheaths, speed up AP
- ependymal cells: produce CSF
- microgial: immunity, produce Tcells
List the glial cells in the PNS (2)
- satellite cells: many roles, mainly with nutrient flow and waste removal
- schwann cells: make myelin, speed up AP
ganglion is a
collection of cell bodies
Plexus (plexi) def
net-like structures formed by interconnecting nerves
any barrier between particles (- and +) that attract each other builds what
Potential (energy or the ability to do work)
voltage def
difference in charge between two sides
measure of potential energy ( (electrical potential)
electromagnetic gradient (electrical current) def
the movement of electrons essentially.
the difference in voltage across membrane (or two other sides), affecting the rate of particles diffusing
Ohms law states that
current is directly proportional to the gradient (more difference between two sides, faster the diffusion)
V=IR
voltage=current x resistance
the gradients pulling on a particle are (2)
electromagnetic
concentration
if both of these go in the same direction, diffusion happens faster
how do we ensure that AP only travels in one direction?
because of hyperpolarization, even if stimulus there, not goint to initiate another AP
Stimulus>depolarization> AP (axon hillock down- down the axon)> efferent neuron (ie: contraction of muscle)
membrane potential definition
electrical potential maintained by a plasma membrane
what maintain the resting membrane potential?
Na/K pump
RMP: ~ -70mV (K responsible for this)
membrane is somewhat leaky, the Na/K pump compensates for this and maintains the resting potential