diffusion described as
movement of particles down an concentration gradient due to internal kinetic energy
any process that moves substances out of the cell
exocytosis
difference in charges across a barrier is called
polarity
a measure of potential difference caused by a polarity
voltage
movement of electrons is called
electrical current
the intracellular fluid, when compared to the extracellular fluid, has
a slightly negative charge
the extracecllular fluid is slightly more positive because
of Na
Name the transmembranous protein that maintains the electromagnetic gradient
Na-K pump
What makes cholesterol in the liver and absorbs fat in the intestine
SER
ions responsible for resting membrane potential
Na and K
the difference in charges across a barrier is called
polarity
Cell structure that is made of microtubules and fibrous proteins
cytoskeleton
what cell structure develops the mitotic spindle fibers
centrioles
these are involved in cellular recognition, help ID the self from the non-self
glycoproteins
The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane is called
osmosis
Fluid pressure is called
Hydrostatic pressure
what do cells do to move water?
pump ions places, and let the water follow
the intracellular fluid when compared to the extracellular fluid has…
more potassium (K)
in the cell, glucose is typically transported via ___
facilitated diffusion
___ are extension of the membrane that can move particles past the cell
Cilia
Which nitrogenous base is not in RNA
Thymine
transcription involves the synthesis of ___ complementary to the ____
synthesis of a strand of mRNA, complementary to a strand of DNA
where is mRNA synthesized?
nucleolus
Nucleolus vs nucleus
Nucleolus: portions of chromosomes that contain DNA and protein
Nucleus: bigger structure that houses the genetic material and directs cellular functions. (nucleolus is inside the nucleus)
Translation occurs in the…
ribosomes
what brings the correct AA to where translation happens?
mRNA
The stage in the cell cycle where the cell performs most of its assigned function
G1
Which of these is not a characteristic of cancer cells:
- surface inhibition
- metastatic
- malignant
surface inhibition
a sequence of nucleotides on a strand of DNA that codes for a single AA is called…
A codon
A sequence of nucleotides on a strand of DNA that codes for a single polypeptide is called…
a gene
genetic material is found in…
the nucleus
Characteristics of the nuclear envelope (3)
- it contains pores
- the outer layer is continuous with the RER
- it consist of two lipid bilayers
Which of these is true of chomatin
- its found within the nucleus
- it consists of double standed DNA molecules and histone proteins
- it condenses into chromosomes before mitosis
All true
Where does translation take place?
Cytoplasm
notable purines
adenine and guanine
notable pyrimidines
cytosine and thymine
DNA triplet codes are called
codons
a codon tells the organelles which…
AA is next in a polypeptide
the process by which DNA manufactures a complementary strand of RNA is called…
transcription
transcription takes place in…
the nucleus
long chains of amino acids make…
proteins
AA are linked into a strand via ___ bonds
peptide bonds
tissue type that lines cavities, absorbs, and secretes
epithelial tissue
extensions of the plasma membrane of epithelial cells found in the lungs
cilia
special epithelium found in the cardiovascular system
endothelium
epithelium forming the serous membranes
mesothelium
epithelium designed for secretion is called
glandular epithelium
epithelial layer in contact with the lumen is called the
apical layer
epithelial layer in contact with the underlying tissue is called the
basal layer
acellular membrane that adheres the epithelial layer to the underlying tissues
basement membrane
tissue type that causes movement
muscle
tissue type that is avascular
epithelial
tissue type that is characterized by a distinct matrix
connective
tissue that supports and protects
connective
alveolar tissue is what type of tissue
loose connective tissue
adipose is what type of tissue
loose connective
which connective tissue is fibrous
dense connective tissue
which connective tissue has reticular fibers
loose connective tissue
glands have which kind of tissue
simple cubioidal
a diffusion surface has what kind of tissue
simple squamosal
cartilage cells are called
chondrocytes
areolar cells called
fibroblasts
sheets of tightly-packed cells that surround a lumen make up…
epithelial tissue
dispersed cells in a thick extracellular matrix describes which tissue
connective
tissue that contains myofilaments
muscle
___ is a contractile protein
myosin
Name (3) characteristics of all connective tissues
- highly dispersed cells
- matrix with fibrous proteins
- ground substance
intercalated discs are found where?
cardiac muscle
the matrix of hyaline cartilage is mostly made of
-???
calcium salts
a gland cell is destroyed when it secretes, it is considered which type of secretion?
holocrine
glands that secrete their contents via a duct are doing what type of secretion?
apocrine
ligaments attach bone to ___
bone
aponeuroses attach __ to __
muscle to muscle
cavity that directly surrounds the heart
pericardial
serous membrane containing the abdominal organs
peritoneum
serous membrane containing the lungs
pleura
the pleura and pericardium are found within the ___ cavity
thoracic
___ epithelial membranes end in ___
-ous
example: cutaneous
which is the epith membrane that makes up the integument
the lumen of most cavities are surrounded by a wet surface formed by a ___ membrane
mucous membrane
mucous membranes have a thick underlying layer of loose connective tissue called…
lamina propria
tissue that forms skeleton of the larynx
hyaline cartilage
tissue that forms the meniscus of the knee
fibrocartilage
a step in the formation of intermembranous bone
woven bone
what type of cartilage forms the epiglottis?
elastic cartilage
blood formation happens in this tissue
spongy bone
organized osteons are characteristic of what type of bone?
compact bone
appositional growth occurs here
periosteum
the first step in long bone development is
formation of bone collar
characteristics of the ossification of the epiphysis of long bone
secondary ossification centers
growth of long bone at the epiphyseal plate is called
interstitial
calcitonin fn
increase calcium salkt deposition in long bones
fx where only one side of the bone shft is broken
greenstick
kyphosis def
curvature of the spine that causes hunchback
the passageway for blood vessels and nerves into the facial region
foramen lucerum
a herniated disk is a rupture in the
annulus fibrosis
joint that hold teeth in socket called
gomphoses
synchondroses
cartilaginous joints (usually hyaline of fribrocartilage) that eventually are filled by ossification
slightly movable joints are called
amphiarthoses
joints that unite bone with cartilage but don’t have joint cavity
synchondroses and symphyses
freely movable joints are called
diarthroses
a lubricating sac of synovial fluid that protects a tendon
bursae
two flat bones are interlocked with a thin piece of fibrous connective tissue are
sutures
___ type of bones are joined by ligaments
syndesmoses (slightly movable)
ie tibia/fibula
the 4 types of joints (movement types)
- plane (between wrist bones)
- hinge (elbow)
- pivot (axis and atlas)
- ball-n-socket (acetabulum)
name the structure that connects muscle to bone
tendon
