Osseous tissue function
Os- meaning bone
Support, protection, mineral/ lipid storage, blood cell production, and muscle attachment
Osseous tissue composed of
- cells (osteocytes)
- Matrix (Calcium salts + minerals + collagen)
bone cells called
osteocytes
Bone cell developmental stages
Osteoprogenitor cells-> osteoblasts-> osteocytes
Spongy vs compact bone
Spongy is less dense and has trabeculae
Compact is very dense, and has osteons
Parts of the osteon (5)
- lamellae
- central canal
- lacunae
- osteocytes
- canaliculi
Full Skull bones (13)
Fontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Sphenoid Ethmoid Nasal Bones Maxilla Zygomatic bone Lacrimal Vomer Palatine Mandible
Costae classifications and features
- Vertebrosternal (true)
- Vertebrochondral (false)
- Vertebral (floating)
Costal cartilage
costal end
Head
neck
Os coxae bone regions
- Ilium
- acetabulum
- obturator foramen
- ischium
- lesser sciatic notch
- greater sciatic notch
- Pubis (pubic)
- pubic symphysis
- sacrum
- Coccyx
Epiphysis (epiphyses)
ends part of a long bone, divided by epiphyseal line (spongy with compact exterior)
covered with articular cartilage
Diaphysis
shaft or central part of a long bone (red marrow producing)
Epiphyseal line
line that indicates where the epiphysis meets the diaphysis
(for growth) aka Metaphyses
Marrow or medullary cavity
central cavity of long bone shafts where red/yellow bone marrow is stored
Endosteum
thin vascular membrane that lines the inner surface of bone cavity, forming the medullary cavity
Periosteum
dense layer of connective tissue enveloping the bones
Perforating fibers
matrix of connective tissue, made up of mainly collagen fibers that connects bone to periosteum
articular cartilage
specialized connective tissue that provides a lubricated surface for joints
Intramembranous ossification
mode of bone growth in flat bones like the skull, mandible and clavicle
endochondral ossification
mode of bone growth in most bones
Steps of bone repair in fx
- Haematoma and granulation of tissue
- cartilaginous callus
- bonycallus and cartilaginous remnants
- remodelling
Transverse fx
Break is perpendicular to long axis
Compound fx
Bone broken, skin also broken
Comminuted fx
bone broken into several pieces
Spiral fx
Fracture spirals around the long axis
Greenstick fx
common in children as incomplete ossified bone bends and only partially breaks
Oblique fx
break is angled to long axis
osteoporosis
osteoblast breakdown bone faster than osteoclast can build, leaving bone weaker more fragile and more susceptible to fractures, typically seen in older people
head of bone
extended condyle (sits on a neck)
neck of bone
skinny area surrounding a head
condyle of bone
rounded, smooth, projection modified for articulation
trochlea of bone
pulley shaped formation
facet of bone
flat articular surface
Process of bone
any bony prominence, projection of outgrowht
Ramus of bone
branchy part of a bone
trochanter of bone
very large, projects outward (on femur)
tuberosity of bone
large-ish raised rough, (an elevation in the bone where muscle is usually attached)
tubercle of bone
relatively small, rough process
crest of bone
elevated ridge of bone, usually rough
Line of bone
narrow ridge of bone less prominent than crest
Spine of bone
narrow, elongated ridge of bone
Fossa of bone
shallow depression (gen term)
sulcus of bone
groovy part of the bone
foramen of bone
hole or opening for something to pass through (ie blood vessels)
Fissure of bone
a groove or cleft in the bone
Meatus or canal of bone
a tunnel through thick bone, canal like passageway
sinus of bone
an opening completely encased in bone
Axial skeleton includes (main fn)
- Cranium (and facial bones)
- Vertebral column
- thoracic cage
Protection
Appendicular skeleton includes (main fn)
- upper extremities
- clavicle
- pelvic gurdle
- lower extremities
Movement
Fontanel is
intramembranous ossification is not finished (easier birth)
bone growth in unfilled skull areas- soft parts. present in fetal skulls
List the fontanels in fetal skull (4)
- anterior/frontal fontanel
- posterior/occipital fontanel
- sphenoid and mastoid fontanel
Skull sutures (4)
- coronal suture
- sagittal suture
- squamosal suture
- lamboidal suture (like lambda)
Temporal bone features (8)
- Zygomatic process of the temporal bone
- Mastoid Process
- styloid process
- external auditory meatus
- internal auditory meatus
- petrous portion
- auditory ossicles (incus, stapes, malleus)
- mandibular fossa
Occipital bone features (3)
- Occipital condyle
- foramen magnum
- hypoglossal canal
Ethmoid bone features (4)
- nasal conchae (middle, superior, inf)
- perpendicular plate
- crista galli
- cribriform plate
Sphenoid bone features (5)
- greater wing
- hypophyseal fossa
- sella turcica
- anterior clinoid process
Maxilla bone features (3)
- incisive foramen
- palatine process
- infraorbital foramen
(4th: alveolar process)
Mandible bone features (8)
- body
- ramus
- coronoid process
- mandibular condyles
- angle
- mental foramina
- mandibular notch
- mandibular foramen
Lacrimal bone has
Lacrimal canal
Paranasal sinuses (4) + 1 other
- sphenoidal sinus
- ethmoidal sinus
- maxillary sinus
- frontal sinus
-mastoid sinus
these help resonate voice, and as air pockets lighten up the skull, warm air, humidify air
Bones of orbit of eye
- frontal
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
- palatine
- lacrimal
- maxilla
- zygomatic
Bones of the hard palate (2)
- maxilla
- palatine
Bones of the nasal septum (3)
- Nasal
- Ethmoid
- Vomer
Bones of the zygomatic arch (2)
- Temporal bone
- zygomatic bone
Hyoid bone
horseshoe shape, toungue muscles attach to it, Larynx (voicebox) suspended from it doesn’t attach directly to other bones
Auditory ossicles
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
[tiny bones in the ear]
Vertebral column
7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 fused Sacral 3-5 fused Coccyx
intervertebral discs are
discs of fibrocartilage
Typical vertebral features
- spinous process: points downward (bifid spinous process)
- transverse processes: point 90degrees from spinous processes
- superior articulating processes: meet other vertebra
- inferior articulating process: meet other vertebra
- vertebral foramen (foramina (plural)): where the spinal cord passes through
- Pedicle- connects body to proccesses
- Lamina: connects arch to spinous proccess
(transverse foramen in cervical)
function of vertebrae
for stabilization, cervical curve is subtle, the thoracic and lumbar curves are more pronounced
Neural (Vertebral) arch formed by
Lamina, pedicle and main body
C1 Atlas
moves up and down “si” movement, flatter. occipital condyles sit on it
C2 Axis
Dens: the pivot point “no”
C3-C7 are
all similar, have holes in transverse processes
have bifid spinous processes
T1-T12 are
have ‘cuplike’ facets for rib attachment
L1-L5 are
lower back, main weight-bearing
Sacrum features (5)
~5 fused bones
- superior articular processes
- medial sacral crest
- lateral sacral crest
- auricular surface( where os coxae attach)
- sacral canal (mainly for nerves
Coccyx
3-5 fused bones, allow pelvic girdle to attach in solid manner
Sternum composed of these 3 fused bones list
- manubrium
- Body
- Xyphoid process
Ribs 12 pair (aka costae)
1-7 True ribs: have cartilage directly connecting them to sternum (vertebrosternal)
8-10: False ribs: have hyaline cartilage before connecting to sternum (vertebrochondral)
11-12: floating ribs part of the 5 false) have no cartilage (vertebral)
the bumpy part of the rib goes in the back, it connects to the vertebrae
Rib features
- head
- neck
- tubercle
[body and angle]
Pectoral Girdle includes
clavicle, scapula and upper extermities
Clavicle features (3)
- sternal end (connects to sternum)
- head
- acromial end (connects to acromion)
Scapula features (10)
- supraspinatus fossa
- infraspinatuss fossa
- glenoid fossa
- subscapular fossa
- inferior angle
- superior border
- medial border
- lateral border
- acromion process
- coracoid process
Humerus features (12)
- head
- anatomical neck (right next to head)
- surgical neck (bc common break location)
- medial epicondyle
- lateral epicondyle
- body (diaphysis)
- capitulum
- olecranon fossa
- coronoid fossa
- lesser tubercule
- greater tubercle
- trochlea
- deltoid tuberosity
- intertubercular groove
Ulna features (6)
- head
- olecranon process
- styloid process
- trochlear/ semilunar notch
- coronoid process
- radial notch
Radius features (3)
- head
- radial tuberosity
- styloid process
Carpals (8)
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetrum
- Pisiform
- Trapezium
- Trapezoid
- Capitate
- Hamate
“some lovers try positions they can’t handle”
Metacarpals
Metacarpal I Metacarpal II Metacarpal III Metacarpal IV Metacarpal V
Phalanges (hand)
Proximal Phalanx, Middle Phalanx, Distal Phalanx
eg: Proximal Phalanx III
Pelvic girdle includes
Os coxae (2 os coxae) and lower extremities
Os Coxae comprised of
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
These fuse in childhood
Pelvis includes
- 2 ossa coxae
- sacrum and coccyx
features: acetabulum (big socket), obturator foramen
Pubic arch is
<90degrees in males
> 90degrees in females
Ilium features (3)
- iliac crest
- greater sciatic notch
- iliac fossa
Ischium feature (1)
lesser sciatic notch
Pubis features (main one)
Pubic symphysis others: -superior ramus -inferior ramus -pubic tubercle
Femur features (8)
- head
- neck
- greater trochanter
- lesser trochanter
- linea aspera
- medial condyle
- lateral condyle
- intercondylar fossa
Tibia features (5)
- lateral condyle
- medial condyle
- tibial tuberosity
- intercondylar eminence
- medial malleolus
Fibula features (2)
- head
- lateral malleolus
malleolus”hammer”
Tarsals (4)
- Talus
- Calcaneus
- Cuboid
- Navicular
Metatarsals
Metatarsal I Metatarsal II Metatarsal III Metatarsal IV Metatarsal V
Phalanges (foot)
Proximal phalax, middle phalanx, distal phalanx
Synarthrosis articulation
funtional
-No movement
“syn” meaning coming together for form something new
Amphiarthrosis articulation
Slight movement can occur
Diarthrosis articulation
lots of movement (ie, shoulder, hip, knee..)
Syndesmosis is
a structural fibrous joint that has some collagenous material
Gomphosis is
fibrous joint, ie tooth and its socket, collagen fiber holds it together
Synchondrosis is
type of cartilaginous joint, has hyaline cartilage
Symphysis is
cartilaginous joint, discs of fibrocartilage, ie pelvis and intervertebral discs
Name the types of structural joints (3)
- fibrous (small amount of collagen ie sutures)
- cartilaginous (cartilage joing
- synovial
Synovial joint parts (6)
- articular cartilage (at end of epiphysis))
- joint cavity (space for fluid and cushion)
- articular capsule (surrounding cavity)
- synovial cavity (fluid filled space)
- synovial fluid (viscous, filtrate of plasma, hyaluronic acid)
- Bursae (reduce friction)
Synovial joint movements
- Flexion: decrease angle
- Extension: inc angle
- Hyperextension: further inc angle. ex: wrist
- Abduction: moving away from midline
- Adduction: moving toward midline
- Rotation: side to side, ie wrist
- Circumduction: rotation creating a full circle
- Pronation: moving palm inward
- Supination: moving palm outward
Flexion
decrease angle
extension
increase angle
hyperextension
further increase angle beyond rest, ie wrist
Abduction
moving away from midline
adduction
moving toward midline
Rotation
at an angle, part circle, ie head, and wrist
Circumduction
can draw a full circle, ie head
Pronation
inward movement of palm, while rotating. Like flip inward
Supination
outward movement of palm, on rotation
Depression
Lowering, ie jaw
Elevation
Elevating ie jaw
Opposition
facing toward each other ie fingers, able to go from parallel to facing each other, allows for grasping ability
Eversion
moving outward, side to side, ie foot
Inversion
moving inward, sides, ie foot
Plantar Flexion
moving foot downward at ankle
Dorsiflexion
moving foot upward at ankle
Retraction
moving head backwatd, front back motion
Protraction
moving head forward, turtle
Temporomandibular joint
where mandible connects to the temporal bone, there is a tiny ligament inside
Arthritis
art: meaning joint
itis: meaning inflammation
Rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disease, often disfiguring
Osteoarthritis
“wear and tear: use of ligaments and joints
Chondromalacia
roughening of articular cartilage, typically behind patella, not exactly fixable, often from overuse or accident
Bursitis
bulging and inflammation of bursa, can heal, often in the elbow :tennis elbow
Tendonitis
irritation of tendon, can go away
Na+ / K+ pumps
3 Na out—- 2K in
Intracell fluidis more ___ compared to extracell fluid
negative charged (bc has less Na and more K)
Vesicle vs vacuole vs secretory vesicle
Vesicle is any “sac”, vacuole is large vesicles and secretory veiscles are specifically used for exocytosis
Nasal bones
Nasal bone Nasal Septum - includes Vomer and Perpendicular plate Superior Concha Middle Concha Inferior Conca
kinesiology def
study of movement
muscles and articulations moving together
blood ph should be
7.35- 7.45
Proteins fn
- structure (esp intracellular structures and plasma memb)
- cell fn (enzymes, regulators, immune, transporters)
Proteins building block all have…
CHNO (PS) -carbon -hydrogen -oxygen some also... -phosphorus -sulfur
Protein building blocks- AA
NH2
R—C —- COOH
H
Responsible for the chemical characteristics of the AA
R group
as all the carboxyl and everything else balance out
How many common AA are there
20 (shuster says 20-22)
10 essential
10 non-essential
What happens between molecules in Dehydration synthesis?
-hydroxyl group in one molecule interacts with the carboxyl group of another => water
molecules bond
macromolecules are
polypeptides, several, chained together
are all polypeptide proteins?
No
Proteins- are biologically important proteins (in terms of AP class)
sequence or R groups…
seq of AA– determine function
1° protein structure
basic AA chains
2° protein structure
ionic attraction repulsions causing folding in two ways depending on what final fn will be:
Alpha Helix: charged, soluble in water (strong and sturdy) [globular]
Beta sheets: insoluble, [fibrous] (mostly for structure and movement)
Globular proteins def
spherical proteins, important in physiological fn
fibrous proteins vs globular proteins in structure
Fibrous- structural, up to 2°- beta sheets
Globular - physiological fn, 2° alpha helix
3°
fibrous proteins vs globular proteins in structure
Fibrous- extended, strand-like – structural, up to 2°- beta sheets
(collagen)
Globular - highly polar, physiological fn, water soluble 2° alpha helix
3°
4° protein strucure
larger globular protein
chaperone molecules
help protein folding occur in the correct order
in the cytoplasm
cofactors (fn)
help proteins do their job,
ie: iron is a cofactor of hemoglobin
binding site definition
the active site of a protein
Substrate def
“anything in the environment”
a Ligand is a substrate, as it binds through weak ionic bonds
half of the proteins produced in our body are…
enzymes- cause other things to happen
what determines the primary sequence of proteins?
Genetic material
Cranial vs facial bones
Cranial: parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid
Facial: frontal, lacrimal, ethmoid, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal (anything surrounding eyes, nose, mouth)
fn of the skeleton (5)
- support and framework
- protection (ie skull)
3 movement (with articulations) - mineral storage (ie Ca deposits)
- blood cell formation (red marrow)
tendon attaches __ to __
muscle to bone
epicondyle of bone
bump sticking off a condyle (rough part)
notch of bone
deeper groove than a fossa
groove of bone
elongated fossa, often called a sulcus
alveolus of bone
a socket, most common Tooth Socket
sutures are (define)
special joint between two flat bones
Vertebrae differences
- Cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacrum
- coccyx
- cervical are the only with transverse foramen
- thoracic are the only that articulate with ribs (thoracic facet do this)
- lumbar heavy, square and stubby (weight bearing)
- sacrum (~5) fused bones, sacral foramen allow nerves to enter leave spinal cord
- coccyx is tail bone (~4 fused vertebrae)
herniated disk means
annulus tears, allowing the soft pulposus to squeeze put and press on the nerves (sometimes on spinal cord too)
List the type of abnormal spinal curves:
scoliosis: lateral curve, usually thoracic
kyphosis: hunchback
lordosis: swayback, accentuated lumbar region
Facial Bones what for and how many
adapted for facial expression, vision, smell and consuming food and liquid
- orbital
- nasal
- oral
Red Marrow
Red blood cell producing in the diaphyses of bone
Yellow Marrow
fat storage, most common in adult
Impacted fx
one bone is driven into another bone
Displaced fx
broken out of algnment
epiphyseal fx
common in children, break causes separation of the epiphyseal plate (fragmentation of the plate)
Bone shapes (6)
- long (femur)
- short
- flat (skull)
- irregular (vertebrae)
- sutural (skull sutures)
- sesamoid (patella)
Cranial bones (6) list
- frontal
-sphenoid
-ethmoid
-parietal
-temporal
-occipital
really 8 bones
facial bones (14) list
- Nasal (2) Lacrimal (2) -inferior nasal concha (2) -maxilla (2) -Mandible -Palatine (2) -Zygomatic (2) -Vomer
Sulci in the skull are
where blood vessels were housed
important feature of the frontal bone
supraorbital foramina
foramen from base of skull (5)
- foramen ovale
- foramen lacerum
- carotid canal
- foramen spinosum
- jugular foramen
menisci are made of what cartilage?
fibrocartilage
Knee joint parts (7)
- lateral menisci
- medial menisci
- anterior cruciate ligament
- posterior cruciate ligament
- fibular collateral ligament
- tibial collateral ligament
- quadriceps femoris tendon
Shoulder joint parts (10)
- acromion process
- coracoid process
- coracoacromial ligament
- coracohumeral ligament
- subacromial bursae
- subscapular bursae
- subcoracoid bursae
- subdeltoid bursae
- articular capsule
- glenohumeral ligaments
Hip joint parts (4)
iliofemoral ligament
ischiofemoral ligament
acetabulum
greater trochanter
elbow joint parts (5)-auricular surface
lateral epicondyle ulnar collateral ligament medial epicondyle radial collateral ligament anular ligament
ventral thoracic muscle groups include
pectoralis
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
list the abdominal muscles (5)
aponeurosis external oblique internal oblique rectus abdominous transverse abdominous
Dorsal muscles (2)
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
deep ventral and dorsal muscles (5)
serratus ventralis rhomboids supraspinatus infraspinatus teres major
neck and face muscles (12)
sternocleidomastoid sternohyoid mylohyoid digastric masseter frontalis occipitalis galea aponeurotica orbuculais oculi orbicularis oris sygomaticus platysma temporalis
muscles the arm (brachium and antebrachium) (6)
- biceps brachii
- brachialis
- triceps brachii
- braachioradialis
- pronator teres
- supinator
muscles of the upper leg (14)
sartorius gracilis tensor fasciae latae rectus femoris biceps femoris vastus lateralis vastus medialis vastus intermedius semitendinosus semimembranosus adductor longus adductor magnus gluteus maximus gluteus medius
muscles of the lower leg (4)
gastrocnemius
soleus
achilles tendon
tibialis anterior
flexion vs extension
flex: decrease joint angle
extend: increase joint angle
Supination vs pronation
supination: lateral rotation of the forearm
pronation: medial rotation of the forearm
protraction vs retraction
protraction: horizontal movement in the anterior direction (chin forward)
retraction: jaw moves from anterior backward (opposite protraction)
Dorsiflexion vs plantar flexion
dorsiflexion: moving toes up
plantar flexion: standing on tiptoes (foot down)
intercalated discs do what
facilitate transmission of electrical impulses in heart. unite cardiac myocytes
type of muscle shapes (4)
- parallel: fasiculi run parallel
- pennate: ‘fan-shaped’
- convergent: pen-shaped
- sphincter: fasiculi are circular
common muscle organelles (3)
sarcoplasmic reticulum
sarcolemma (plasma membrane)
sarcoplasm (intracell fluid)
contractile unit of cardiac muscle is called
sarcomere
connective tissues surrounding muscle fibers (3)
endomysium (around myofibrils)
perimysium (surrounding a bigger group)
epimysium (around the whole muscle
Sarcomere includes
from Z line to Z line -actin (thin myofibrils) myosin (thick myofibrils) -I-band (between actin filaments, no myosin area) -h zone (myosin area without actin
neuromuscular junction definition
structure designed to pass AP from motor neuron to muscle
circumdiction definition
marking a circle with arm (combination of adduction, abduction, flexion and extension)
