Module 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Osseous tissue function
A
Os- meaning bone
Support, protection, mineral/ lipid storage, blood cell production, and muscle attachment
2
Q
Osseous tissue composed of
A
- cells (osteocytes)
- Matrix (Calcium salts + minerals + collagen)
3
Q
bone cells called
A
osteocytes
4
Q
Bone cell developmental stages
A
Osteoprogenitor cells-> osteoblasts-> osteocytes
5
Q
Spongy vs compact bone
A
Spongy is less dense and has trabeculae
Compact is very dense, and has osteons
6
Q
Parts of the osteon (5)
A
- lamellae
- central canal
- lacunae
- osteocytes
- canaliculi
7
Q
Full Skull bones (13)
A
Fontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Sphenoid Ethmoid Nasal Bones Maxilla Zygomatic bone Lacrimal Vomer Palatine Mandible
8
Q
Costae classifications and features
A
- Vertebrosternal (true)
- Vertebrochondral (false)
- Vertebral (floating)
Costal cartilage
costal end
Head
neck
9
Q
Os coxae bone regions
A
- Ilium
- acetabulum
- obturator foramen
- ischium
- lesser sciatic notch
- greater sciatic notch
- Pubis (pubic)
- pubic symphysis
- sacrum
- Coccyx
10
Q
Epiphysis (epiphyses)
A
ends part of a long bone, divided by epiphyseal line (spongy with compact exterior)
covered with articular cartilage
11
Q
Diaphysis
A
shaft or central part of a long bone (red marrow producing)
12
Q
Epiphyseal line
A
line that indicates where the epiphysis meets the diaphysis
(for growth) aka Metaphyses
13
Q
Marrow or medullary cavity
A
central cavity of long bone shafts where red/yellow bone marrow is stored
14
Q
Endosteum
A
thin vascular membrane that lines the inner surface of bone cavity, forming the medullary cavity
15
Q
Periosteum
A
dense layer of connective tissue enveloping the bones
16
Q
Perforating fibers
A
matrix of connective tissue, made up of mainly collagen fibers that connects bone to periosteum
17
Q
articular cartilage
A
specialized connective tissue that provides a lubricated surface for joints
18
Q
Intramembranous ossification
A
mode of bone growth in flat bones like the skull, mandible and clavicle
19
Q
endochondral ossification
A
mode of bone growth in most bones
20
Q
Steps of bone repair in fx
A
- Haematoma and granulation of tissue
- cartilaginous callus
- bonycallus and cartilaginous remnants
- remodelling
21
Q
Transverse fx
A
Break is perpendicular to long axis
22
Q
Compound fx
A
Bone broken, skin also broken
23
Q
Comminuted fx
A
bone broken into several pieces
24
Q
Spiral fx
A
Fracture spirals around the long axis
25
Greenstick fx
common in children as incomplete ossified bone bends and only partially breaks
26
Oblique fx
break is angled to long axis
27
osteoporosis
osteoblast breakdown bone faster than osteoclast can build, leaving bone weaker more fragile and more susceptible to fractures, typically seen in older people
28
head of bone
extended condyle (sits on a neck)
29
neck of bone
skinny area surrounding a head
30
condyle of bone
rounded, smooth, projection modified for articulation
31
trochlea of bone
pulley shaped formation
32
facet of bone
flat articular surface
33
Process of bone
any bony prominence, projection of outgrowht
34
Ramus of bone
branchy part of a bone
35
trochanter of bone
very large, projects outward (on femur)
36
tuberosity of bone
large-ish raised rough, (an elevation in the bone where muscle is usually attached)
37
tubercle of bone
relatively small, rough process
38
crest of bone
elevated ridge of bone, usually rough
39
Line of bone
narrow ridge of bone less prominent than crest
40
Spine of bone
narrow, elongated ridge of bone
41
Fossa of bone
shallow depression (gen term)
42
sulcus of bone
groovy part of the bone
43
foramen of bone
hole or opening for something to pass through (ie blood vessels)
44
Fissure of bone
a groove or cleft in the bone
45
Meatus or canal of bone
a tunnel through thick bone, canal like passageway
46
sinus of bone
an opening completely encased in bone
47
Axial skeleton includes (main fn)
- Cranium (and facial bones)
- Vertebral column
- thoracic cage
Protection
48
Appendicular skeleton includes (main fn)
- upper extremities
- clavicle
- pelvic gurdle
- lower extremities
Movement
49
Fontanel is
intramembranous ossification is not finished (easier birth)
| bone growth in unfilled skull areas- soft parts. present in fetal skulls
50
List the fontanels in fetal skull (4)
- anterior/frontal fontanel
- posterior/occipital fontanel
- sphenoid and mastoid fontanel
51
Skull sutures (4)
- coronal suture
- sagittal suture
- squamosal suture
- lamboidal suture (like lambda)
52
Temporal bone features (8)
1. Zygomatic process of the temporal bone
2. Mastoid Process
3. styloid process
4. external auditory meatus
5. internal auditory meatus
6. petrous portion
7. auditory ossicles (incus, stapes, malleus)
8. mandibular fossa
53
Occipital bone features (3)
- Occipital condyle
- foramen magnum
- hypoglossal canal
54
Ethmoid bone features (4)
- nasal conchae (middle, superior, inf)
- perpendicular plate
- crista galli
- cribriform plate
55
Sphenoid bone features (5)
1. greater wing
2. hypophyseal fossa
3. sella turcica
4. anterior clinoid process
56
Maxilla bone features (3)
- incisive foramen
- palatine process
- infraorbital foramen
(4th: alveolar process)
57
Mandible bone features (8)
- body
- ramus
- coronoid process
- mandibular condyles
- angle
- mental foramina
- mandibular notch
- mandibular foramen
58
Lacrimal bone has
Lacrimal canal
59
Paranasal sinuses (4) + 1 other
- sphenoidal sinus
- ethmoidal sinus
- maxillary sinus
- frontal sinus
-mastoid sinus
these help resonate voice, and as air pockets lighten up the skull, warm air, humidify air
60
Bones of orbit of eye
- frontal
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
- palatine
- lacrimal
- maxilla
- zygomatic
61
Bones of the hard palate (2)
- maxilla
| - palatine
62
Bones of the nasal septum (3)
- Nasal
- Ethmoid
- Vomer
63
Bones of the zygomatic arch (2)
- Temporal bone
| - zygomatic bone
64
Hyoid bone
horseshoe shape, toungue muscles attach to it, Larynx (voicebox) suspended from it doesn't attach directly to other bones
65
Auditory ossicles
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
[tiny bones in the ear]
66
Vertebral column
```
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 fused Sacral
3-5 fused Coccyx
```
67
intervertebral discs are
discs of fibrocartilage
68
Typical vertebral features
- spinous process: points downward (bifid spinous process)
- transverse processes: point 90degrees from spinous processes
- superior articulating processes: meet other vertebra
- inferior articulating process: meet other vertebra
- vertebral foramen (foramina (plural)): where the spinal cord passes through
- Pedicle- connects body to proccesses
- Lamina: connects arch to spinous proccess
(transverse foramen in cervical)
69
function of vertebrae
for stabilization, cervical curve is subtle, the thoracic and lumbar curves are more pronounced
70
Neural (Vertebral) arch formed by
Lamina, pedicle and main body
71
C1 Atlas
moves up and down "si" movement, flatter. occipital condyles sit on it
72
C2 Axis
Dens: the pivot point "no"
73
C3-C7 are
all similar, have holes in transverse processes
have bifid spinous processes
74
T1-T12 are
have 'cuplike' facets for rib attachment
75
L1-L5 are
lower back, main weight-bearing
76
Sacrum features (5)
~5 fused bones
- superior articular processes
- medial sacral crest
- lateral sacral crest
- auricular surface( where os coxae attach)
- sacral canal (mainly for nerves
77
Coccyx
3-5 fused bones, allow pelvic girdle to attach in solid manner
78
Sternum composed of these 3 fused bones list
- manubrium
- Body
- Xyphoid process
79
Ribs 12 pair (aka costae)
1-7 True ribs: have cartilage directly connecting them to sternum (vertebrosternal)
8-10: False ribs: have hyaline cartilage before connecting to sternum (vertebrochondral)
11-12: floating ribs part of the 5 false) have no cartilage (vertebral)
the bumpy part of the rib goes in the back, it connects to the vertebrae
80
Rib features
- head
- neck
- tubercle
[body and angle]
81
Pectoral Girdle includes
clavicle, scapula and upper extermities
82
Clavicle features (3)
- sternal end (connects to sternum)
- head
- acromial end (connects to acromion)
83
Scapula features (10)
- supraspinatus fossa
- infraspinatuss fossa
- glenoid fossa
- subscapular fossa
- inferior angle
- superior border
- medial border
- lateral border
- acromion process
- coracoid process
84
Humerus features (12)
- head
- anatomical neck (right next to head)
- surgical neck (bc common break location)
- medial epicondyle
- lateral epicondyle
- body (diaphysis)
- capitulum
- olecranon fossa
- coronoid fossa
- lesser tubercule
- greater tubercle
- trochlea
- deltoid tuberosity
- intertubercular groove
85
Ulna features (6)
- head
- olecranon process
- styloid process
- trochlear/ semilunar notch
- coronoid process
- radial notch
86
Radius features (3)
- head
- radial tuberosity
- styloid process
87
Carpals (8)
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetrum
- Pisiform
- Trapezium
- Trapezoid
- Capitate
- Hamate
"some lovers try positions they can't handle"
88
Metacarpals
```
Metacarpal I
Metacarpal II
Metacarpal III
Metacarpal IV
Metacarpal V
```
89
Phalanges (hand)
Proximal Phalanx, Middle Phalanx, Distal Phalanx
eg: Proximal Phalanx III
90
Pelvic girdle includes
Os coxae (2 os coxae) and lower extremities
91
Os Coxae comprised of
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
These fuse in childhood
92
Pelvis includes
- 2 ossa coxae
- sacrum and coccyx
features: acetabulum (big socket), obturator foramen
93
Pubic arch is
<90degrees in males
>90degrees in females
94
Ilium features (3)
- iliac crest
- greater sciatic notch
- iliac fossa
95
Ischium feature (1)
lesser sciatic notch
96
Pubis features (main one)
```
Pubic symphysis
others:
-superior ramus
-inferior ramus
-pubic tubercle
```
97
Femur features (8)
- head
- neck
- greater trochanter
- lesser trochanter
- linea aspera
- medial condyle
- lateral condyle
- intercondylar fossa
98
Tibia features (5)
- lateral condyle
- medial condyle
- tibial tuberosity
- intercondylar eminence
- medial malleolus
99
Fibula features (2)
- head
- lateral malleolus
malleolus"hammer"
100
Tarsals (4)
- Talus
- Calcaneus
- Cuboid
- Navicular
101
Metatarsals
```
Metatarsal I
Metatarsal II
Metatarsal III
Metatarsal IV
Metatarsal V
```
102
Phalanges (foot)
Proximal phalax, middle phalanx, distal phalanx
103
Synarthrosis articulation
funtional
-No movement
"syn" meaning coming together for form something new
104
Amphiarthrosis articulation
Slight movement can occur
105
Diarthrosis articulation
lots of movement (ie, shoulder, hip, knee..)
106
Syndesmosis is
a structural fibrous joint that has some collagenous material
107
Gomphosis is
fibrous joint, ie tooth and its socket, collagen fiber holds it together
108
Synchondrosis is
type of cartilaginous joint, has hyaline cartilage
109
Symphysis is
cartilaginous joint, discs of fibrocartilage, ie pelvis and intervertebral discs
110
Name the types of structural joints (3)
- fibrous (small amount of collagen ie sutures)
- cartilaginous (cartilage joing
- synovial
111
Synovial joint parts (6)
- articular cartilage (at end of epiphysis))
- joint cavity (space for fluid and cushion)
- articular capsule (surrounding cavity)
- synovial cavity (fluid filled space)
- synovial fluid (viscous, filtrate of plasma, hyaluronic acid)
- Bursae (reduce friction)
112
Synovial joint movements
- Flexion: decrease angle
- Extension: inc angle
- Hyperextension: further inc angle. ex: wrist
- Abduction: moving away from midline
- Adduction: moving toward midline
- Rotation: side to side, ie wrist
- Circumduction: rotation creating a full circle
- Pronation: moving palm inward
- Supination: moving palm outward
113
Flexion
decrease angle
114
extension
increase angle
115
hyperextension
further increase angle beyond rest, ie wrist
116
Abduction
moving away from midline
117
adduction
moving toward midline
118
Rotation
at an angle, part circle, ie head, and wrist
119
Circumduction
can draw a full circle, ie head
120
Pronation
inward movement of palm, while rotating. Like flip inward
121
Supination
outward movement of palm, on rotation
122
Depression
Lowering, ie jaw
123
Elevation
Elevating ie jaw
124
Opposition
facing toward each other ie fingers, able to go from parallel to facing each other, allows for grasping ability
125
Eversion
moving outward, side to side, ie foot
126
Inversion
moving inward, sides, ie foot
127
Plantar Flexion
moving foot downward at ankle
128
Dorsiflexion
moving foot upward at ankle
129
Retraction
moving head backwatd, front back motion
130
Protraction
moving head forward, turtle
131
Temporomandibular joint
where mandible connects to the temporal bone, there is a tiny ligament inside
132
Arthritis
art: meaning joint
itis: meaning inflammation
133
Rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disease, often disfiguring
134
Osteoarthritis
"wear and tear: use of ligaments and joints
135
Chondromalacia
roughening of articular cartilage, typically behind patella, not exactly fixable, often from overuse or accident
136
Bursitis
bulging and inflammation of bursa, can heal, often in the elbow :tennis elbow
137
Tendonitis
irritation of tendon, can go away
138
Na+ / K+ pumps
3 Na out---- 2K in
139
Intracell fluidis more ___ compared to extracell fluid
negative charged (bc has less Na and more K)
140
Vesicle vs vacuole vs secretory vesicle
Vesicle is any "sac", vacuole is large vesicles and secretory veiscles are specifically used for exocytosis
141
Nasal bones
```
Nasal bone
Nasal Septum - includes Vomer and Perpendicular plate
Superior Concha
Middle Concha
Inferior Conca
```
142
kinesiology def
study of movement
| muscles and articulations moving together
143
blood ph should be
7.35- 7.45
144
Proteins fn
- structure (esp intracellular structures and plasma memb)
| - cell fn (enzymes, regulators, immune, transporters)
145
Proteins building block all have...
```
CHNO (PS)
-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
some also...
-phosphorus
-sulfur
```
146
Protein building blocks- AA
NH2
R---C ---- COOH
H
147
Responsible for the chemical characteristics of the AA
R group
| as all the carboxyl and everything else balance out
148
How many common AA are there
20 (shuster says 20-22)
10 essential
10 non-essential
149
What happens between molecules in Dehydration synthesis?
-hydroxyl group in one molecule interacts with the carboxyl group of another => water
molecules bond
150
macromolecules are
polypeptides, several, chained together
151
are all polypeptide proteins?
No
| Proteins- are biologically important proteins (in terms of AP class)
152
sequence or R groups...
seq of AA-- determine function
153
1° protein structure
basic AA chains
154
2° protein structure
ionic attraction repulsions causing folding in two ways depending on what final fn will be:
Alpha Helix: charged, soluble in water (strong and sturdy) [globular]
Beta sheets: insoluble, [fibrous] (mostly for structure and movement)
155
Globular proteins def
spherical proteins, important in physiological fn
156
fibrous proteins vs globular proteins in structure
Fibrous- structural, up to 2°- beta sheets
Globular - physiological fn, 2° alpha helix
3°
157
fibrous proteins vs globular proteins in structure
Fibrous- extended, strand-like -- structural, up to 2°- beta sheets
(collagen)
Globular - highly polar, physiological fn, water soluble 2° alpha helix
3°
158
4° protein strucure
larger globular protein
159
chaperone molecules
help protein folding occur in the correct order
| in the cytoplasm
160
cofactors (fn)
help proteins do their job,
| ie: iron is a cofactor of hemoglobin
161
binding site definition
the active site of a protein
162
Substrate def
"anything in the environment"
| a Ligand is a substrate, as it binds through weak ionic bonds
163
half of the proteins produced in our body are...
enzymes- cause other things to happen
164
what determines the primary sequence of proteins?
Genetic material
165
Cranial vs facial bones
Cranial: parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid
Facial: frontal, lacrimal, ethmoid, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal (anything surrounding eyes, nose, mouth)
166
fn of the skeleton (5)
1. support and framework
2. protection (ie skull)
3 movement (with articulations)
4. mineral storage (ie Ca deposits)
5. blood cell formation (red marrow)
167
tendon attaches __ to __
muscle to bone
168
epicondyle of bone
bump sticking off a condyle (rough part)
169
notch of bone
deeper groove than a fossa
170
groove of bone
elongated fossa, often called a sulcus
171
alveolus of bone
a socket, most common Tooth Socket
172
sutures are (define)
special joint between two flat bones
173
Vertebrae differences
- Cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacrum
- coccyx
- cervical are the only with transverse foramen
- thoracic are the only that articulate with ribs (thoracic facet do this)
- lumbar heavy, square and stubby (weight bearing)
- sacrum (~5) fused bones, sacral foramen allow nerves to enter leave spinal cord
- coccyx is tail bone (~4 fused vertebrae)
174
herniated disk means
annulus tears, allowing the soft pulposus to squeeze put and press on the nerves (sometimes on spinal cord too)
175
List the type of abnormal spinal curves:
scoliosis: lateral curve, usually thoracic
kyphosis: hunchback
lordosis: swayback, accentuated lumbar region
176
Facial Bones what for and how many
adapted for facial expression, vision, smell and consuming food and liquid
- orbital
- nasal
- oral
177
Red Marrow
Red blood cell producing in the diaphyses of bone
178
Yellow Marrow
fat storage, most common in adult
179
Impacted fx
one bone is driven into another bone
180
Displaced fx
broken out of algnment
181
epiphyseal fx
common in children, break causes separation of the epiphyseal plate (fragmentation of the plate)
182
Bone shapes (6)
- long (femur)
- short
- flat (skull)
- irregular (vertebrae)
- sutural (skull sutures)
- sesamoid (patella)
183
Cranial bones (6) list
- frontal
-sphenoid
-ethmoid
-parietal
-temporal
-occipital
really 8 bones
184
facial bones (14) list
```
- Nasal (2)
Lacrimal (2)
-inferior nasal concha (2)
-maxilla (2)
-Mandible
-Palatine (2)
-Zygomatic (2)
-Vomer
```
185
Sulci in the skull are
where blood vessels were housed
186
important feature of the frontal bone
supraorbital foramina
187
foramen from base of skull (5)
- foramen ovale
- foramen lacerum
- carotid canal
- foramen spinosum
- jugular foramen
188
menisci are made of what cartilage?
fibrocartilage
189
Knee joint parts (7)
- lateral menisci
- medial menisci
- anterior cruciate ligament
- posterior cruciate ligament
- fibular collateral ligament
- tibial collateral ligament
- quadriceps femoris tendon
190
Shoulder joint parts (10)
1. acromion process
2. coracoid process
3. coracoacromial ligament
4. coracohumeral ligament
5. subacromial bursae
6. subscapular bursae
7. subcoracoid bursae
8. subdeltoid bursae
9. articular capsule
10. glenohumeral ligaments
191
Hip joint parts (4)
iliofemoral ligament
ischiofemoral ligament
acetabulum
greater trochanter
192
elbow joint parts (5)-auricular surface
```
lateral epicondyle
ulnar collateral ligament
medial epicondyle
radial collateral ligament
anular ligament
```
193
ventral thoracic muscle groups include
pectoralis
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
194
list the abdominal muscles (5)
```
aponeurosis
external oblique
internal oblique
rectus abdominous
transverse abdominous
```
195
Dorsal muscles (2)
trapezius
| latissimus dorsi
196
deep ventral and dorsal muscles (5)
```
serratus ventralis
rhomboids
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres major
```
197
neck and face muscles (12)
```
sternocleidomastoid
sternohyoid
mylohyoid
digastric
masseter frontalis
occipitalis
galea aponeurotica
orbuculais oculi
orbicularis oris
sygomaticus
platysma
temporalis
```
198
muscles the arm (brachium and antebrachium) (6)
- biceps brachii
- brachialis
- triceps brachii
- braachioradialis
- pronator teres
- supinator
199
muscles of the upper leg (14)
```
sartorius
gracilis
tensor fasciae latae
rectus femoris
biceps femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
adductor longus
adductor magnus
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
```
200
muscles of the lower leg (4)
gastrocnemius
soleus
achilles tendon
tibialis anterior
201
flexion vs extension
flex: decrease joint angle
extend: increase joint angle
202
Supination vs pronation
supination: lateral rotation of the forearm
pronation: medial rotation of the forearm
203
protraction vs retraction
protraction: horizontal movement in the anterior direction (chin forward)
retraction: jaw moves from anterior backward (opposite protraction)
204
Dorsiflexion vs plantar flexion
dorsiflexion: moving toes up
| plantar flexion: standing on tiptoes (foot down)
205
intercalated discs do what
facilitate transmission of electrical impulses in heart. unite cardiac myocytes
206
type of muscle shapes (4)
- parallel: fasiculi run parallel
- pennate: 'fan-shaped'
- convergent: pen-shaped
- sphincter: fasiculi are circular
207
common muscle organelles (3)
sarcoplasmic reticulum
sarcolemma (plasma membrane)
sarcoplasm (intracell fluid)
208
contractile unit of cardiac muscle is called
sarcomere
209
connective tissues surrounding muscle fibers (3)
endomysium (around myofibrils)
perimysium (surrounding a bigger group)
epimysium (around the whole muscle
210
Sarcomere includes
```
from Z line to Z line
-actin (thin myofibrils)
myosin (thick myofibrils)
-I-band (between actin filaments, no myosin area)
-h zone (myosin area without actin
```
211
neuromuscular junction definition
structure designed to pass AP from motor neuron to muscle
212
circumdiction definition
marking a circle with arm (combination of adduction, abduction, flexion and extension)
