Body temp maintained
with help of water , sweat, as insulator, etc.
hyphothalamus in the brain regulates temperature
98
efferent means
away
afferent
towards
potential vs kinetic energy
stored, in use
contact inhibition
when cells stop doing mitosis when they run into each other
tight junctions vs gap junctions
cell membranes joined together tightly forming impermeable membrane,
hollow tubes, space to allow ions to pass
Kinase def
An enzyme that activates other molecules by phosphorylizing them!
Microscope parts
- resolving power
- magnification
- ocular lens
- compound microscope
- monocular lens
- binocular microscope
- ocular micrometer
- objective lens
- stage
- condenser
- diaphragm
- iris
- coarse focus
- fine focus
- scanning power
- magnification
types of microscopes
monocular lens
compound: high magnification, uses compound lens system
CHONPs
important hydrocarbons in our body also contain hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus
-OSE suffix means its a
sugar
hexoses important for us
- glucose– most common, most others turned into this as our cells use it as main energy source (cellular respiration)
- fructose
- galactose
C6H12O6
dissacarides
are 2 mono saccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis
Sucrose made up of
1 glucose + 1 fructose
Maltose made of
2 Glucose (found in beer)
Lactose
1 glucose + 1 galactose
Dehydration synthesis
forming a bond while loosing a water molecule, occurs when polymers are being made
polymers of glucose found in plants and animals
Starch- from plants
Glycogen- animal sugar storage
Explain negative feedback loop
low blood sugar-> liver cells break down glycogen -> individual glucose units released into blood -> blood sugar rises
Fn of carbohydrates
1- energy source
2- converted to glycogen orfat
3- structural purposes (ie cell wall)
lipids have more potential energy because
in the bonds they have lower % of Oxygens,
Lipids “building blocks”
fatty acids (backbone) and glycerol (backbone)
Saturated vs unsaturated triglycerides
is it saturated w hydrogens?
each carbon in saturated has 2 hydrogens
in unsaturated some C can have only 1 H
Triglycerides fn
- energy source
- thermal insulator
- protect organs
phospholipid fn
-basic structure of cell membrane
cholesterol fn
- stability of cell membrane
- production of all steroid molecules
steroid fn
-chemical messengers
some biologically important lipid molecules that were listed in notes
- bile acids
- eicosanoids (cell communicators)
- dietary fats (absorbing vitamins)
Inorganic compounds (list)
- water
- salts
- acid and base buffers
Special characteristics of water (list) (5)
- high heat capacity (for insulating)
- high heat of vaporization (for cooling)
- polarity making it the universal solvent
- highly reactive (often used to break or make bond- Hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis
- adhesion to other molecules and itself- lots of pulling action
Solvent vs solute
solvent: the “liquid” part of a solution
The solute is the “solid” part of a solution
Overview of polymer fn
-energy storage (eventually broken into smaller subunits for use)
Ionic compounds do
-conduct electricity
(Na and K important in nerve impulses and muscle movement)
-attract to other charged particles, good for ‘carrying things’(ie oxygen carried by iron ion)
important to have charges in many biological functions
Acid vs base def
- acid: donates proton (eg H+), ‘ sour’
- base: acts as proton acceptor (alkaline) ie bicarbonate ion, ‘bitter’ ‘slippery’
pH def
“potential of hydrogen”
-the acidity or alkalinity (basic) of a solution
pH=-log [H+]
neutral pH is
7
ph numbers
0 Acidic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Neutral 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Basic
Buffers def
substance in a solution that prevents pH change
act as either bases of acids, depending on the situation (weak acid-base pair)
blood pH
7.35-7.45
if high: alkalosis
if low: acidosis
what neutralizes stomach acid?
pancreas releasing bicarbonate
Classification of joints (3)
- synarthroses: immoveable (skull sutures)
- amphiarthroses: slightly movable (between vertebrae)
- diarthroses: highly/freely movable (shoulder, knee)
origin vs insertion part of a bone
in relation to movement
origin- fixed, not moving
insertion, attachement for the muscle, the moving part.
Types of Joints (3)
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
Fibrous joints (3 types)
- sutures (filled w connective fibers)
- syndesmoses (connected by ligaments)
- gomphoses (peg and socket) teeth
Cartilaginous joints (2)
- synchondroses (united by hyaline cartilage plate)
- symphyses surface covered with articular cartilage
synovial joints (3)
- ball and socket
- hinge
- pivot
covalent vs ionic bonds
covalent: share the bonds
Ionic:
