CV system includes, and fn
- heart
- blood
- blood vessels
fn: transport, pathogen protection
Blood composed of
- Plasma: Proteins like Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen
- formed elements(cell and cell parts)
- 90% water
erythrocytes
small, round, life span of 120 days
Leukocytes are…
BEN-G, ALM
white blood cells,
- granulocytes: basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
- agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes
Thrombocytes are
platelets, are involved in hemostasis
Basophils appearance
round, with darker dots
Eosinophils appearance
roundish, binucleate
Neutrophils appearance
trinucleate
Monocytes apperance
one nucleus, moonshaped
Lymphocytes appearance
round, about as small as the RBC
Platelets appearance
small purple blobs
Heart layers out-> in
- Fibrous pericardium: opaque layer
- Parietal Pericardium
- Pericardial cavity: fluid-filled
- Visceral pericardium (Epicardium)
- Myocardium: thickest
- Endocardium
Pericadial sac includes the
Parietal pericardium and Fibrous pericardium
Base and Apex
Base is up top, where the atria are.
Apex is low, the bottom tip of heart
Chambers of the heart
- right atrium
- left atrium
- right ventricle
- left ventricle
What divides the ventricles inside?
interventricular septum
Major blood vessels to know
- Superior Vena cava
- Inferior vena cava
- Aorta (aortic arch)
- Pulmonary trunk
- Pulmonary arteries
- Pulmonary veins
- Descending aorta
part that divides the ventricles on the outside of heart
anterior interventricular sulcus
Heart valves
- Aortic valve
- Right AV valve
- Left AV valve
- Pulmonary valve
Chordae tendineae are..
fibers that attach the valve of the heart to the papillary muscle
Papillary muscle are..
muscles that attach to the valve and aid in contraction
Pulmonary circiut of ciruclation
Heart-> lungs-> heart
Systemic circuit of circulation
heart-> all the body-> heart
Conduction system
SA node depolarizes (~70bpm) >AP to AV node> depolarization spreads to AV bundle> Bundle branches> Purkinje fibers> contraction induced on muscle from apex upward
Systole means (in terms of contractions)
contracted state
Diastole means (in terms of contractions)
Relaxed state (un contracted)
carries blood from body to heart
vein
carries blood from heart to body
artery
Components that supply blood to the heart
- Great cardiac vein
- right coronary artery
- left coronary artery
- circumflex branch of left coronary artery
- Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery
- Coronary sinus
Blood supply to heart flow
left coronary artery> anterior interventricular branch of leftcoronary artery> circumflex branch of left coronary artery> right coronary artery> great cardiac vein> coronary sinus> right atrium
List Arrhythmias and what
- Tachycardia: faster than normal @ rest
- Badycardia: Sower than normal @ rest
- Fibrilation: uncoordination of heart muscle contraction. [No pumping]
Atherosclerosis is
cholesterol buildup over a long period of time (common in coronary artery
Heart disease AKA
Cardiovascular disease
Angina pectoris
Neck, chest and referred arm pain from low O2 in the heart tissue (from the narrowing of artery caused from plaque)
Myocardial infarction
“heart attack” plaque built up to far that blockage occurs and causes damage to other tissue
Layers of arteries and veins
Tunica intima (tunica interna) : internal, elastic, endothel Tunica media: smooth muscle Tunica externa: largest
Large and med veins have these layers
- Tunica externa
- tunica media
- tunica intima
- endothelium
Venule has these layers
- tunica externa
- endothelium
Veins vs arteries vs capillaries
veins: thin walls, one way valves
Arteries: lack valves, ticker wall
Capillaries: single layer of cells
2 varieties of capillaries
- Continuos capillary: continuous wall
- Fenestrated capillary: porous wall
Tunica intima in Elastic artery made up of
- internal elastic layer
- endothelium
what are endothelium and lumen
- endothelium: inner lining
- lumen: internal space
Blood pressure component units and normal ranges
Systolic: heart contracts, blood pressure rises. MAX bp
Diastolic: Heart relaxed, blood pressure decreases, Min blood pressure
AVG normal: 120/80 mmHg
hypertension: 140/95 mHg
what does extended hypertension do
causes tears in the tunica intima->plaque builds up in the tears and overall-> heart attack
Parts in the fetal circulation:
- placenta
- umbilical cord
- umbilical vein
- ductus arteriosus
- ductus venous
- foramen ovale (closes after birth)
Fetal O2 comes from
the placenta
the umbilical vein carries
oxygenated blood which then goes thru the liver and eventually makes it to the inferior vena cava
Ductus venosus connects..
the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava—disappears after birth
ductus arteriosus connects..
top of pulmonary trunk branches into the aorta—after birth it turns into the ligamentum arteriosum
Upper limb arteries to know
- axillary
- brachial
- brachiocephalic
- radial
- ulnar
- superficial palmar arch
- deep palmar arch
- subclavian
aortic arch arteries
“BCS”
- Brachiocephallic
- Common carotid
- Subclavian
Neck arteries
- Basilar
- Internal carotid
- External carotid
- Vertebral
- common carotid artery
Abdominal arteries
“Cats Should Really Go Inside”
- Celiac trunk
- Superior mesenteric
- Renal
- Gonadal
- Inferior mesenteric
- common iliac
- internal iliac
- external iliac
“Common” usually means
the this part is usually the “mother” and eventually splits into two sections
Lower limb arteries
- Femoral
- Popliteal
- Posterior tibial
- Anterior tibial
- Fibular peroneal
- Dorsal Pedal
Upper limb Veins
- axillary vein
- brachial vein
- cephalic vein
- basilic vein
- medial cubital vein
- palmar venous arches
thorax arteries
- ascending aorta
- aortic arch
- thoracic aorta
- abdominal aorta
Lower limb veins
- femoral vein
- external iliac vein
- internal iliac vein
- common iliac vein
- posterior tibial vein
- anterior tibial vein
- great saphenous vein
- small saphenous vein
- popliteal vein
head, thorax and abdomen veins
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- renal vein
- gonadal vein
- brachiocephalic vein
- subclavian vein
- internal jugular vein
- external jugular vein
- azygous vein
Hepatic portal system
- Hepatic vein
- Hepatic portal
- Superior mesenteric vein
- Splenic vein
- hepatic veins
lymphatic system fn
- immune protection
- Draining interstitial fluid
- Transport
circulatory system composed of
- lymphatic system
- cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system fn
- immunity
- draining of interstitial fluid
- transport
lymph- means
fluid
lymphatic vessels drain into
subclavian vein and then go into the bloodstream
fluid drained by lymphatic daily
~3 L per day
Edema is
accumulation of interstitial fluid because of improper drainage
lymph nodes fn
filtration system of pathogens in lymph
lymph node anatomy (out>in)
- capsule
- afferent vessel
- cortex (with cortical sinuses)
- trabecula
- medulla (with medullary sinuses)
- hilus (indentation bean shape part)
- efferent vessel
lymph sinus is
a fluid filled space
list the lymph nodes
- cervical lymph nodes
- axillary lymph nodes
- inguinal lymph nodes
red bone marrow is part of lymphatic system bc
it is where lymphocytes are made
types of tonsils and fn
-pharyngeal tonsil (1)
-Palatine tonsil (2)
-Lingual tonsil (2)
masses of lymphocytes, nonencapsulated
Thymus gland is
where T-cells go to mature, typically large and grows until age ~12
big in chest under the trachea
Spleen is
in abdominal cavity
has white and red “pulp”
Red: RBC breakdown (all the red purple stained dots)
White: lymphocytes mases (appear roundish white blobs)
how does lymph move about
skeletal muscle contraction and valves
Tissue drainage vessels
- right lymphatic duct
- left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct)
- subclavian veins
- cisterna chyli (below diaphragm, receives drainage from abdomen)
Respiratory system fn
- gas exchange
- sound production
- self protection: ie coughing, sneezing
Upper respiratory system includes
- nose
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
Lower respiratory system includes
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
Nose and nasal cavity parts
- external nares (nostrils)
- vibrissae (hairs)
- nasal cavity [narrow]
- nasal conchae = turbinate bones (inferior and superior conchae, part of the ethmoid bone)
- nasal septum (can slightly delay infection)
nasal conchae fn
slow down air by swirling it and moistening it
Regions of pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
pharynx is lined by what kind of cell
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, which move mucous plus particles toward nose and mouth
Larynx fn
prevent food and other particles from going into airway, vocalizations
Parts of larynx
- thyroid cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
- cricoid cartilage
- arytenoid cartilage
- glottis and epiglottis
- vocal folds (true vocal cords) [whiteish]
- vestibular folds [support vocal flds]
Trachea genereal structure and lined with
cartilaginous rings help keep airways open
lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
bronchi types
-primary bronchi
-secondary bronchi
-tertiary bronchi
plural
bronchus is singular
smaller units after bronchus
- bronchioles (lack cartilage)
- terminal bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveolus (alveoli) round things where gas xchg happens
- capillaries
a lobule is
a cluster of alveolar sacs on the terminal bronchiole
Lung features
- right superior lobe
- horizontal fissure (right only)
- right middle lobe
- oblique fissure
- right inferior lobe
- left superior lobe
- left inferior lobe
- apex
- hilus
- base
hilus of the lungs fn
place where bronchi, arteries and veins come in/out
Pleural membranes
- parietal pleura
- pleural cavity
- visceral pleura
Muscles of breathing
- diaphragm
- internal intercostals
- external intercostals
inspiration means
inhalation
expiration means
exhalation
mechanism of breathing
contraction of diaphragm> vacuum created with higher thoracic volume> air pulled in>diaph relaxes> air out thoracic vol dec
regulation of breathing done by
medulla oblongata and pons
Asthma is
an obstructive disorder- not normal airflow
-bronchioconstriction with narrowing of airway
inflammation of airway
correlated with pollution (for inc) and pets (for decr)
effects of smoking
- damage to cilia in lungs
- mucous becomes thicker and thus harder to clear
- Particle accumulation: becomes tar–most dangerous from flavor chemicals of tabaco products
emphysema is
when alveoli loose their elasticity and overtime breakdown, meaning a loss in efficiency in gas exchange= shortness of breath
