Module 5 Flashcards
1
Q
CV system includes, and fn
A
- heart
- blood
- blood vessels
fn: transport, pathogen protection
2
Q
Blood composed of
A
- Plasma: Proteins like Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen
- formed elements(cell and cell parts)
- 90% water
3
Q
erythrocytes
A
small, round, life span of 120 days
4
Q
Leukocytes are…
BEN-G, ALM
A
white blood cells,
- granulocytes: basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
- agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes
5
Q
Thrombocytes are
A
platelets, are involved in hemostasis
6
Q
Basophils appearance
A
round, with darker dots
7
Q
Eosinophils appearance
A
roundish, binucleate
8
Q
Neutrophils appearance
A
trinucleate
9
Q
Monocytes apperance
A
one nucleus, moonshaped
10
Q
Lymphocytes appearance
A
round, about as small as the RBC
11
Q
Platelets appearance
A
small purple blobs
12
Q
Heart layers out-> in
A
- Fibrous pericardium: opaque layer
- Parietal Pericardium
- Pericardial cavity: fluid-filled
- Visceral pericardium (Epicardium)
- Myocardium: thickest
- Endocardium
13
Q
Pericadial sac includes the
A
Parietal pericardium and Fibrous pericardium
14
Q
Base and Apex
A
Base is up top, where the atria are.
Apex is low, the bottom tip of heart
15
Q
Chambers of the heart
A
- right atrium
- left atrium
- right ventricle
- left ventricle
16
Q
What divides the ventricles inside?
A
interventricular septum
17
Q
Major blood vessels to know
A
- Superior Vena cava
- Inferior vena cava
- Aorta (aortic arch)
- Pulmonary trunk
- Pulmonary arteries
- Pulmonary veins
- Descending aorta
18
Q
part that divides the ventricles on the outside of heart
A
anterior interventricular sulcus
19
Q
Heart valves
A
- Aortic valve
- Right AV valve
- Left AV valve
- Pulmonary valve
20
Q
Chordae tendineae are..
A
fibers that attach the valve of the heart to the papillary muscle
21
Q
Papillary muscle are..
A
muscles that attach to the valve and aid in contraction
22
Q
Pulmonary circiut of ciruclation
A
Heart-> lungs-> heart
23
Q
Systemic circuit of circulation
A
heart-> all the body-> heart
24
Q
Conduction system
A
SA node depolarizes (~70bpm) >AP to AV node> depolarization spreads to AV bundle> Bundle branches> Purkinje fibers> contraction induced on muscle from apex upward
25
Systole means (in terms of contractions)
contracted state
26
Diastole means (in terms of contractions)
Relaxed state (un contracted)
27
carries blood from body to heart
vein
28
carries blood from heart to body
artery
29
Components that supply blood to the heart
- Great cardiac vein
- right coronary artery
- left coronary artery
- circumflex branch of left coronary artery
- Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery
- Coronary sinus
30
Blood supply to heart flow
left coronary artery> anterior interventricular branch of leftcoronary artery> circumflex branch of left coronary artery> right coronary artery> great cardiac vein> coronary sinus> right atrium
31
List Arrhythmias and what
- Tachycardia: faster than normal @ rest
- Badycardia: Sower than normal @ rest
- Fibrilation: uncoordination of heart muscle contraction. [No pumping]
32
Atherosclerosis is
cholesterol buildup over a long period of time (common in coronary artery
33
Heart disease AKA
Cardiovascular disease
34
Angina pectoris
Neck, chest and referred arm pain from low O2 in the heart tissue (from the narrowing of artery caused from plaque)
35
Myocardial infarction
"heart attack" plaque built up to far that blockage occurs and causes damage to other tissue
36
Layers of arteries and veins
```
Tunica intima (tunica interna) : internal, elastic, endothel
Tunica media: smooth muscle
Tunica externa: largest
```
37
Large and med veins have these layers
- Tunica externa
- tunica media
- tunica intima
- endothelium
38
Venule has these layers
- tunica externa
| - endothelium
39
Veins vs arteries vs capillaries
veins: thin walls, one way valves
Arteries: lack valves, ticker wall
Capillaries: single layer of cells
40
2 varieties of capillaries
- Continuos capillary: continuous wall
| - Fenestrated capillary: porous wall
41
Tunica intima in Elastic artery made up of
- internal elastic layer
| - endothelium
42
what are endothelium and lumen
- endothelium: inner lining
| - lumen: internal space
43
Blood pressure component units and normal ranges
Systolic: heart contracts, blood pressure rises. MAX bp
Diastolic: Heart relaxed, blood pressure decreases, Min blood pressure
AVG normal: 120/80 mmHg
hypertension: 140/95 mHg
44
what does extended hypertension do
causes tears in the tunica intima->plaque builds up in the tears and overall-> heart attack
45
Parts in the fetal circulation:
- placenta
- umbilical cord
- umbilical vein
- ductus arteriosus
- ductus venous
- foramen ovale (closes after birth)
46
Fetal O2 comes from
the placenta
47
the umbilical vein carries
oxygenated blood which then goes thru the liver and eventually makes it to the inferior vena cava
48
Ductus venosus connects..
the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava---disappears after birth
49
ductus arteriosus connects..
top of pulmonary trunk branches into the aorta---after birth it turns into the ligamentum arteriosum
50
Upper limb arteries to know
- axillary
- brachial
- brachiocephalic
- radial
- ulnar
- superficial palmar arch
- deep palmar arch
- subclavian
51
aortic arch arteries
"BCS"
- Brachiocephallic
- Common carotid
- Subclavian
52
Neck arteries
- Basilar
- Internal carotid
- External carotid
- Vertebral
- common carotid artery
53
Abdominal arteries
"Cats Should Really Go Inside"
- Celiac trunk
- Superior mesenteric
- Renal
- Gonadal
- Inferior mesenteric
- common iliac
- internal iliac
- external iliac
54
"Common" usually means
the this part is usually the "mother" and eventually splits into two sections
55
Lower limb arteries
- Femoral
- Popliteal
- Posterior tibial
- Anterior tibial
- Fibular peroneal
- Dorsal Pedal
56
Upper limb Veins
- axillary vein
- brachial vein
- cephalic vein
- basilic vein
- medial cubital vein
- palmar venous arches
57
thorax arteries
- ascending aorta
- aortic arch
- thoracic aorta
- abdominal aorta
58
Lower limb veins
- femoral vein
- external iliac vein
- internal iliac vein
- common iliac vein
- posterior tibial vein
- anterior tibial vein
- great saphenous vein
- small saphenous vein
- popliteal vein
59
head, thorax and abdomen veins
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- renal vein
- gonadal vein
- brachiocephalic vein
- subclavian vein
- internal jugular vein
- external jugular vein
- azygous vein
60
Hepatic portal system
- Hepatic vein
- Hepatic portal
- Superior mesenteric vein
- Splenic vein
- hepatic veins
61
lymphatic system fn
- immune protection
- Draining interstitial fluid
- Transport
62
circulatory system composed of
- lymphatic system
| - cardiovascular system
63
Lymphatic system fn
- immunity
- draining of interstitial fluid
- transport
64
lymph- means
fluid
65
lymphatic vessels drain into
subclavian vein and then go into the bloodstream
66
fluid drained by lymphatic daily
~3 L per day
67
Edema is
accumulation of interstitial fluid because of improper drainage
68
lymph nodes fn
filtration system of pathogens in lymph
69
lymph node anatomy (out>in)
- capsule
- afferent vessel
- cortex (with cortical sinuses)
- trabecula
- medulla (with medullary sinuses)
- hilus (indentation bean shape part)
- efferent vessel
70
lymph sinus is
a fluid filled space
71
list the lymph nodes
- cervical lymph nodes
- axillary lymph nodes
- inguinal lymph nodes
72
red bone marrow is part of lymphatic system bc
it is where lymphocytes are made
73
types of tonsils and fn
-pharyngeal tonsil (1)
-Palatine tonsil (2)
-Lingual tonsil (2)
masses of lymphocytes, nonencapsulated
74
Thymus gland is
where T-cells go to mature, typically large and grows until age ~12
big in chest under the trachea
75
Spleen is
in abdominal cavity
has white and red "pulp"
Red: RBC breakdown (all the red purple stained dots)
White: lymphocytes mases (appear roundish white blobs)
76
how does lymph move about
skeletal muscle contraction and valves
77
Tissue drainage vessels
- right lymphatic duct
- left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct)
- subclavian veins
- cisterna chyli (below diaphragm, receives drainage from abdomen)
78
Respiratory system fn
- gas exchange
- sound production
- self protection: ie coughing, sneezing
79
Upper respiratory system includes
- nose
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
80
Lower respiratory system includes
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
81
Nose and nasal cavity parts
- external nares (nostrils)
- vibrissae (hairs)
- nasal cavity [narrow]
- nasal conchae = turbinate bones (inferior and superior conchae, part of the ethmoid bone)
- nasal septum (can slightly delay infection)
82
nasal conchae fn
slow down air by swirling it and moistening it
83
Regions of pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
84
pharynx is lined by what kind of cell
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, which move mucous plus particles toward nose and mouth
85
Larynx fn
prevent food and other particles from going into airway, vocalizations
86
Parts of larynx
- thyroid cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
- cricoid cartilage
- arytenoid cartilage
- glottis and epiglottis
- vocal folds (true vocal cords) [whiteish]
- vestibular folds [support vocal flds]
87
Trachea genereal structure and lined with
cartilaginous rings help keep airways open
| lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
88
bronchi types
-primary bronchi
-secondary bronchi
-tertiary bronchi
plural
bronchus is singular
89
smaller units after bronchus
- bronchioles (lack cartilage)
- terminal bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveolus (alveoli) round things where gas xchg happens
- capillaries
90
a lobule is
a cluster of alveolar sacs on the terminal bronchiole
91
Lung features
- right superior lobe
- horizontal fissure (right only)
- right middle lobe
- oblique fissure
- right inferior lobe
- left superior lobe
- left inferior lobe
- apex
- hilus
- base
92
hilus of the lungs fn
place where bronchi, arteries and veins come in/out
93
Pleural membranes
- parietal pleura
- pleural cavity
- visceral pleura
94
Muscles of breathing
- diaphragm
- internal intercostals
- external intercostals
95
inspiration means
inhalation
96
expiration means
exhalation
97
mechanism of breathing
contraction of diaphragm> vacuum created with higher thoracic volume> air pulled in>diaph relaxes> air out thoracic vol dec
98
regulation of breathing done by
medulla oblongata and pons
99
Asthma is
an obstructive disorder- not normal airflow
-bronchioconstriction with narrowing of airway
inflammation of airway
correlated with pollution (for inc) and pets (for decr)
100
effects of smoking
- damage to cilia in lungs
- mucous becomes thicker and thus harder to clear
- Particle accumulation: becomes tar--most dangerous from flavor chemicals of tabaco products
101
emphysema is
when alveoli loose their elasticity and overtime breakdown, meaning a loss in efficiency in gas exchange= shortness of breath
