Digestive system fn
-breakdown of food/liquid in order to get cell building blocks–BIOMOLECULES like glu
ingestion means
intake of food and liquid
digestion means
processing/breakdown of food and liquid
Secretion also occurs a lot
types of digestion
- Mechanical: ie chewing
2. Chemical: breakdown with enzymes
The digestive tract is…
(AKA Alimentary Canal) the whole thing starting from the mouth all the way to the anus
Digestive system accessory organs
- teeth
- tongue
- pancreas
- liver
- salivary glands
Digestive tract layers (in>out)
- lumen
- Mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis externa
- serosa
layers of mucosa (inner>outer)
- epithelium
- lamina propria
- muscularis mucosae
Muscularis externa laters (in>out)
- circular muscle layer
- longitudinal layer
peritoneal cavity has these serous membranes
- viseral peritoneum (inner)
- parietal peritoneum (outer)
Mesenteries meaning
extensions of the peritoneum that join organs
List the mesenteries
- Greater omentum: biggest, provides fat storage and padding for organ protection
- Lesser omentum: joins the stomach to the liver
- Mesentary proper: between the coils of the small intestine
- Mesocolon: holds large intestine in place
Oral Cavity Proper includes
inner surface of gums, teeth, tongue, pharynx
Tongue fn
- taste
- shape the bolus
Bolus def
ball of food
Salivary Glands list
- Parotid gland: from ramus
- Sublingual gland: below tongue
- Submandibular gland: below mandible
Teeth fn and names
ripping, tearing and grinding
- incisors
- canine
- premolars
- molars
Tooth structure names
- enamel
- dentin
- gingiva
- cementum
- root canal
- apical foramen
- pulp cavity
- crown
- neck
- root
peristalsis is
the downward movement in the esophagus, caused by the muscle contractions
Gross anatomy of the stomach
- cardia
- fundus: hold big meal
- body
- rugae
- Pylorus
- pyloric sphincter
- lesser curvature
- greater curvature
(deep: -gastric gland
- gastric pit
Stomach actions
mixing of food, protein digestion
Gastric gland parts aka gastric pit
- mucous cells:
- parietal cells: HCl
- chief cells: pepsinogen
- G-cells: release gastrin
pH of stomach :
1.8
ph of mucous layer
7, helps protect the cells against the acidity of stomach cells
Chyme means
the food and gastric juice (once the bolus enters stomach)
pepsinogen + HCl=
Pepsin
Gastric gland mechanism
1> food eaten
2> G-cells release gastrin
3> gastrin causes chief cells to release pepsinogen and parietal cells to release HCl
4> HCl converts pepsinogen to Pepsin
5> Pepsin breaksdown proteins into peptides
6> building blocks!
Pancreatic juice fn
breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids (denaturation)
Pancreas anatomy
- Pancreatic duct: dumps into small intestine
- head
- Body
- Tail
Pancreatic acinar cells are
cells that secrete pancreatic juice
exocrine
Pancreatic islets are
cells that secrete insulin
endocrine
Insulin fn
the molecule that attaches to a receptor that then allows another channel to open in order for glucose to enter the cell (insulin is the key to opening a door that lets glu in)
Acinar cell anatomy
- Pancreatic duct
- acinus
- acinar cells
Liver anatomy
- right lobe
- left lobe
- falciform ligament
Lobules of liver and fn
the small repeating unit that holds hepatic portal vein, for filtration
Liver lobule anatomy
- -Lobule
- central vein
- sinusoid
- hepatocyte
- Kupffer cell
Kupffer cell is
do phagocytosis of RBC to remove pathogen, debris and heavy metals
Hepatocytes fn
secrete bile that is composed of bile salts , and bilirubin (comes from RBC breakdown)
Bile salts are emulsifiers meaning…
they breakdown fat globules, increasing the surface area and thus allow for better chemical breakdown
bile flow from hepatocyte to bile duct via bile analiculi
hepatocyte>bile canaliculi>small bile duct> R/L hepatic duct> common hepatic duct>cyctic duct>gallbladder>common bile duct(behind stomach and into pancreas)>duodenal ampulla>duodeum
Gallbladder fn
stores bile and releases it during digestion process
small intestine anatomy and fn
- Duodenum: connects w stomach, chemical digestion
- Jejunum: long and coiled, abs of nutrients
- Ileum: very long, connects to LI, abs of nutrients
intestine surface area levels
-Plicae: microscopic ridges
-Villi: finger-like
-Microvilli: extensions of plasma membrane
columnar epithelium
lymphatic capillary is in
the villi and drains interstitial fluid
interstitial crypt AKA
intestinal gland, secretes, mucous to kill bacteria
segmentation is
contractions in place for mixing
duodenal gland fn
secrete mucous in duodennum
Peyers patches are
aggregated lymphoid nodules, masses of lymphocytes
in Ileum
Large Intestine anatomy
- Iliocecal valve
- Cecum
- Appendix
- ascending colon
- right colic flexure
- transverse colon
- left colic flexure
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- Rectum
- anal canal
- internal anal sphinctor
- external anal sphinctor
- anus
large intestine connective and fatty tissue names
- Fatty appendages
- Taenia coli (ribbon-like)
- Haustrum
urinary system fn
- removal of toxins from blood
- pH regulation of blood
- control water loss/retention
components of the urinary system
- Kidneys
- ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
Kidney anatomy
- renal fascia
- renal capsule
- renal cortex
- renal medulla
- renal column
- renal pyramid
- renal papilla
- minor calyx
- major calyx
- renal pelvis
- ureter
what drains out of the renal papilla?
urine, and drains into the calyx and eventually the ureter
Blood vessels of the kidney
- renal artery
- renal vein
- segmental artery
- Interlobar artery and vein (in medulla)
- arcuate artery and vein (arches around the pyramids)
- interlobular artery and veins (in cortex)
Nephron components
-afferent arteriole
-efferent arteriole
-glomerulus (capillaries)
-bowman’s capsule
> renal corpuscle
-proximal convoluted tubule
-Loop of Henle
-dital convoluted tubule
-collecting ducts
-papillary duct
Peritubular capillaries: around loop of henle and tubules, “contain things to keep”
Nephron fn
-filters good/bad things
-recycles nutrients into blood stream
99% of water goes back into blood stream
Cortical neprhons
most of the loops of Henle are in the cortex
Juxtamedullary nephrons
most of the loop of Henle is in the medulla, make very concentrated urine (since closer to the papilla)
ureters composed of what kinds of cells
transitional epithelium because it expands, dump into Trigone
Kidney stones
typically are calcium percipitates, usually are pointy, common with dehydration
Bladder anatomy
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis
- Rugae
- Trigone:
- internal urethral sphinctor
- urethra
- external urethral sphinctor
urethral sphinctors variation in M/F
internal is about the same spot, external for males is below, external for females is outer
urination AKA
Micturition
Micturition reflex in babies
sensory neurons receive signal that bladder is full> signal to muscles to contract and sphinctor to relax> urine released
(we learn to control the sphinctors)
sexual reproduction def
production of gametes
Spermatozoan anatomy and fn
haploid gamete,
- head: nucleus mostly
- acrosome: layer around head that has enzymes to digest corona radiata
- neck
- middle piece: contains mitochrondion, for energy
- tail
Scrotal area anatomy
-dartos muscle: inward movement
-cremaster muscle: upward movement
-tunica vaginalis: sheath
tunica albuginea:
-testis
-spermatic cord: inguinal canal:
Testes structure
- lobule
- seminiferous tubules
- straight tubules
- rete tetis
- efferent ducts
- head of epididymis
- body of epididymis
- tail of epididymis
- vas deferens
where do sperm get made?
seminiferous tubules
Sperm journey
efferent ducts> epididymis> vas deferens> around bladder> encounter glands> fluid join with sperm> prostate gland> ejaculatory duct> Bulbourethral gland> mixed with secretions> now called semen
movement by peristalsis
Seminal vesicles secrete
fluids of which 60% are alkaline, meaning they are basic to help neutralize and aid the sperm make it through the acidity of the vagina
Penis anatomy
- root of penis
- crus
- body of penis
- glans penis
- prepuce
- corpora cavernosa
- corpus spongiosum
corpora cavernosa fn
fluid that can be filled with fluid (blood) to make structure more rigid
corpus spongiosum
also can be filled with fluid, has the urethra running through it
Emission meaning
traveling of the sperm to the accessory glands and mixing with glandular fluids to create the semen
Vasectomy
the vas deferens is cut to prevent sperm from traveling to seminal vesicle
Testicular cancer
mass or lumps, common in younger males 18-25yrs old, undescended testis can be more likely to get cancer
Prostate cancer
usually in older men, 80% of 80yr olds will get it. Palpated prostate by physical exam through rectum
prostate-specific antigen tested in the blood a well
Ovary ligaments
- broad ligament
- ovarian ligament
- suspensory ligament
Uterine tube anatomy
- fimbriae
- infundibulum
- ampulla
- isthmus (connector)
Uterus features
- fundus
- body
- isthmus
- endometrium: placenta develops here
- myometrium: muscle that contracts during childbirth
- perimetrium
- cervix
Ovulating ovary stages of cell
- primordial follicle
- primary follicle: initial 5 days
- secondary follicle: antrum fluid filled
- tertiary follicle
- antrum
- corpora radiata
- zona pellucida: protectve layer for egg
- corpus luteum: hormone releasing sac where egg left, progesterone
- corpus albicans: scar tissue after corpus luteum disintegr
- cortex
- medulla
- stroma
- germinal epitelium
vulva features
- mons pubis
- clitoris: analogous to penile glans
- labia minora: encloses vestibule
- labia majora
- vestibule
breast and mammary glands anatomy
- lobes
- lactiferous ducts
- lactiferous sinuses
- nipple: has glands to keep nipple easy to nurse from
- areola (visual target for nursing babies)
Fetal development stages
- zygote: single celled, diploid
- early embryo: 8 cell stage doesn’t change much in size
- 5-7 day old embryo: called Blastocyst, stem cells
- 5 week embryo: basic characteristics form
- 6 wk: more human shaped
- 12 Week embryo: FETUS, major organ systems formed
- 38-40 wk: full term
embryo parts
- chorion: aids in diffusion for blood
- amnion
- yolk sac: temporary nutrients, shrivels away
- umbilical cord:
- placenta: interface that allows the exchange between fetus/ mother blood and nutrients
Tubal ligation
for the uterine tubes, to prevent egg and sperm from meeting
- cauterized
- cut and tied
- tied (theoretically reversible)
breast cancer
more common in older females
symptoms:
- lump in breast, rock solid
- unusual veins visible
- nipple discharge
- nipple inversion
- axillary lymph nodes lumps
rare in males symptoms: open sores, lumps, nipple discharge, inverted nipple, axillary lymph lump
vagina composed of these cells
stratified squamous epithelium, bc they regenerate since vagina experiences abrasion
Vaginal pH changes with life stages bc
to keep it protected from bacteria and other things during the fertile/sexually active stages acidic
