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Module 7 > Forelimb Nerve, Blood and Lymph Supply > Flashcards

Forelimb Nerve, Blood and Lymph Supply Flashcards

1
Q

what is the nerve supply to the forelimb

A

most supplied via the brachial plexus –> ventral branches from C6, C7, C8, T1, 2

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2
Q

where is the brachial plexus located

A

in axilla

mult exchange of fibres

emerging nerves supply forelimb muscles

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3
Q

what extrinsic muscles does the brachial plexus supply

A
  1. pectoral muscles
  2. latissimus dorsi
  3. serratus ventralis

(brachiocephalicus and trapezius are not)

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4
Q

how does the brachial plexus supply intrinsic muscles

A
  1. subscapular nerve
  2. suprascapular nerve
  3. musculocutaneous nerve
  4. axillary nerve
  5. median and ulnar nerve
  6. radial nerve
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5
Q

what is the funciton of the subscapular nerve

A

medial shoulder support: subscapularis muscle

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6
Q

what is the function of the suprascapular nerve

A

lateral shoulder support: supraspinatous muscle, infraspinatous muscle

no cutaneous sensation

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7
Q

what is the function of the musculocutaneous nerve

A

flexion of elbow: brachialis muscle, biceps brachii muscle

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8
Q

what cutaneous sensation does musculocutaneous nerve

A

cranial and medial aspect of elbow

medial aspect of antebrachium

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9
Q

what does damage of the musculocutaneous nerve cause

A

loss of elbow flexion (no compensation)

loss of cutaneous sensation

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10
Q

what is the function of axillary nerve

A

dedicated shoulder flexors: deltoideus muscle, teres major muscle

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11
Q

what cutaneous sensation does the axillary nerve provide

A

lateral aspect shoulder and brachium (green)

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12
Q

what does damage to the axillary nerve cause

A
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13
Q

what is the function of the median and ulnar nerves

A

carpal and digital flexors: flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, superficial digital flexor muscle, deep digital flexor muscle

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14
Q

what cutaneous sensation does the median and ulnar nerves provide

A

caudal and palmar aspect of limb (pink)

dorsal aspect 5th digit

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15
Q

what does damage of median and ulnar nerves cause

A

loss of distal limb flexion

no compensation

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16
Q

what is the function of the radial nerve

A

extensors of elbow, carpus, digits

extensor carpi radialis muscle

extensor carpi ulnaris

common digital extensor muscle

17
Q

what cutaneous sensation does the radial nerve

A

cranial and dorsal aspect limb (purple) (except dorsal aspect 5th digit)

18
Q

what are the routes of the radial nerve

A

starts in axilla passes caudal to shoulder

passes through triceps muscle (supplies triceps –> elbow extensor)

wraps around humerus (with brachialis muscle)

19
Q

what are the branches of the radial nerve

A

lateral epicondyle: supplies distal limb extensors

cranial/dorsal aspect limb: runs alongside cephalic vein –> supplies cutaneous sensation

20
Q

what is the most common cause of radial damage

A

humeral fracture most common cause

21
Q

what occurs if there is proximal damage of the radial nerve

A

all extensor muscles affected

cannot extend elbow, carpus or digits –> cannot weight bear

22
Q

what occurs if there is distal damage to the radial nerve

A

cannot extend carpus/digits

triceps supply intact so can extend elbow –> can weight bear if limb extended, can learn to swing leg to compensate

23
Q

what are the problems in distal damage to the radial nerve

A

sensory losses of cranial and dorsal aspect of limb can lead to trauma to dorsal aspect of paw if drags and also self mutilation

check for sensation using forceps

24
Q

what are the functional effects of complete disruption of the brachial plexus

A
  1. cannot retract/adduct limb
  2. cannot extend/flex limb
  3. cannot weight bear
  4. can protract/abduct limb (brachiocephalicus and trapezius)
  5. no cutaneous sensation on limb or lateral thorax to level of 3rd intercostal space
25
Q

what is the equine forelimb nerves that contribute to sensation

A

different sensory areas proximal to carpus

median and ulnar nerves combine to supply distal limb

combined with musculocutaneous nerve medial aspect metacarpal area

blue: musculocutaneous nerve
green: axillary
pink: median and ulnar nerves
purple: radial

26
Q

what are nerve blocks used for

A

localize area of lameness

desensitize structures

check if still lame or has resolved

27
Q

what do the median and ulnar nerve branches distal to carpus

A

1. palmar metacarpal nerves (yellow)

  • medial and lateral
  • between MC3 and splint bones
  • emerge at distal end of splint bones
  • supply dorsal aspect of digit

2. palmar nerves (blue)

  • medial and lateral
  • between suspensory ligament and SDFT
  • cross abaxial aspect proximal sesamoids

become palmar digital nerves (also blue) –> dorsal and palmar branches which supply hoof contents

28
Q

what are the equine nerve blocks

A
  1. palmar digital nerve block: palmar digital nerves –> blocks caudal 1/2 foot
  2. abaxial sesamoid nerve block: palmar digital nerves + dorsal branches –> blocks entire foot
  3. palmar metacarpal nerve block: “4 point block” palmar nerves (between suspensory and flexors), palmar metacarpal nerves (distal end splint bones) blocks entire digit
29
Q

what ist he arterial supply to the canine forelimb

A

oxygenated blood from heart –> single major vessel changes name with region of forelimb –> crosses flexor angles of joint

  1. subclavian artery: runs around 1st rib –> axilla
  2. axillary artery: runs through axilla
  3. brachial artery: runs down brachium

various branches

distal limb well supplied

30
Q

what is the venous drainage of the forelimb

A

deoxygenated blood back to heart

deep system: follows arterial supply (vein, artery, nerve often run together)

superficial: cephalic vein drains into jugular vein/vena cava

31
Q

what are the features of the cephalic vein

A

access to systemic circulation

pressure required to raise vein

valves allow blood to pool

must release pressure before inject –> must ensure fluid enters vein and not subcutaneous tissue

radial nerve runs alongside cephalic vein

32
Q

what is the forelimb blood supply of the horse

A
  1. brachial artery: medial aspect elbow, palpable pulse
  2. medial and lateral digital arteries: abaxial aspect proximal sesamoids, palpable pulse
  3. venous drainage is similar to dog, no clinical relevance
33
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage

A

run from periphery to thoracic duct

empties into caudal vena cava

node swelling can indicate infeciton if enlarged

prescapular: palpable

axillary: not palpable

34
Q

what are the equine distal limb nerves

A
35
Q

what are the nerves of the equine forelimb

A

Module 7 (50 decks)

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