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Module 7 > Introduction to Locomotor Anatomy > Flashcards

Introduction to Locomotor Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the axial skeleton

A

skull

vertebral column

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2
Q

what makes up the appendicular skeleton

A

forelimb and hindlimb

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3
Q

what are the movements of the limb relative to the trunk

A
  1. moving limb cranially = protraction
  2. moving limb caudally = retraction (propulsion)
  3. moving limb medially = adduction (towards from body midline)
  4. moving limb laterally = abduction (away from midline)
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4
Q

what are the movements within the limb

A
  1. folding/shortening = flexion
  2. stretching/lengthening = extension
  3. rotation = supination/pronation (humans have more)
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5
Q

what is the interaction between limbs (appendicular skeleton) & trunk (axial skeleton)

A

forward propulsion (hindlimbs play greatest contribution)

  1. folding limb = flexion
  2. moving limb forwards = protraction
  3. stretching limb = extension
  4. moving limb backwards

or fixing limb and moving trunk forwards relative to limb = retraction

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6
Q

what is the difference in the contribution from axial skeleton/trunk in horses

A

relatively rigid vertebral column (weight of gut)

most of propulsion/stride length results from limb movement

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7
Q

what are the features of cat locomotion

A

flexible vertebral column

acts like bow to increase propulsion/stride length from limbs

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8
Q

what other structures besides bones contribute to movement

A
  1. bones
  2. joints: allow movement between bones
  3. ligaments: hold bones together
  4. muscles: produces movement between bones across joints
  5. tendons: attach muscle to bone across joints
  6. nerve supply: control of movement
  7. blood supply: metabolic support
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9
Q

what are the classifications of bone

A
  1. long
  2. flat
  3. short
  4. sesamoid
  5. irregular
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10
Q

what are the features of long bones

A

humerus and femus

majority of limb bones

support and leverage in limbs

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11
Q

what are the features of flat bones

A

scapula, pelvis, skull

large surface area for muscle attachment

protection of underlying structures

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12
Q

what are the features of short bones

A

carpal, tarsal bones

large range of movement between bones

anti-concussive/shock absorbing

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13
Q

what are the features of sesamoid bones

A

patella

embedded in tendons

redirect forces where change in angle

reduces friction so prevents damage

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14
Q

what are the features of irregular bones

A

vertebrae

midline/axial location

unique

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15
Q

what are the surface features of bones

A
  1. rough areas on bone surfaces
  2. bony bumps
  3. smooth areas on surface of bone
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16
Q

what are rough surfaces on bone covered by

A

covered by periosteum

areas for general muscle attachment

17
Q

what are bony bumps

A

tuberosity/tuber/tubercle/trochanter/process, etc

provide specific sites for attachment of important structures

18
Q

what are the smooth areas on the surface of bone and what are they covered in

A

articular/joint surfaces

covered in hyaline cartilage

subchondral bone

osteochondral junction

19
Q

what are the visible features of long bones on radiographs

A
  1. diaphysis = shaft
  2. cortex = wall
  3. medullary cavity = hollow centre
  4. epiphysis = proximal or distal end (articular surfaces located here)
  5. metaphysis = transition zone (between epiphysis & diaphysis)
20
Q

how do limb bones develop

A

endochondral ossification –> requires blood supply

21
Q

how does endochondral ossification occur (6)

A
  1. cartilage precursor
  2. mineralizes in sections = centres of ossification
  3. cartilage between centres of ossification = physis/growth plate
  4. produce increase in length of bone
  5. growth stops at specific time –> reflects contribution of that physis to overall length
  6. physis mineralizes/growth plate “closes”
22
Q

what are physes

A

appear black on radiographs –> don’t mistake for joint spaces or fractures

physical scar left in adult

23
Q

how many centres of ossification do short, sesamoid bones, flat, long and irregular bones contain

A

short and sesamoid bones –> usually 1 per bone

flat, long and irregular bones –> usually more than 1 per bone

24
Q

what is the weakest part in adult bones

A

shaft of bone

25
Q

where are the weakest part of the bone in young animals

A

physes weakest –> damage/separation

development of subsequent problems

26
Q

what are the 3 main types of joint

A
  1. fibrous
  2. cartilagenous
  3. synovial
27
Q

what are the features of fibrous joints

A

little movement

held together by ligaments

skull sutures, radius & ulna/equine metacarpal bones (syndesmosis)

28
Q

what are the features of cartilagenous joints

A

little movement

synchondrosis/synarthrosis

pelvic/mandibular symphysis

29
Q

what are the features of synovial joints

A

most limb joints

allow range of motion between bones

30
Q

what are the 5 typicall components of synovial joints

A
  1. hyaline cartilage
  2. synovial fluid
  3. synovial membrane
  4. joint capsule
  5. collateral ligaments
31
Q

what is hyaline cartilage

A

covers articular/joint surfaces (subchondral areas of bone are smooth)

32
Q

what are the functions of hyaline cartilage

A
  1. reduces friction
  2. flexible for shock absorption
  3. no blood vessels
  4. no nerve endings
33
Q

what is synovial fluid

A

viscus

nourishes cartilage

lubricates

34
Q

what is the function of synovial membrane

A

produces synovial fluid

physical barrier to contain fluid

35
Q

what is the joint capsule

A

fibrous layer outside synovial membrane

attaches round osteochondral junction

36
Q

what are collateral ligaments

A

formed from joint capsule

located medially and laterally

fibrous structure running from bone - bone

37
Q

what are the functions of ligaments

A
  1. hold bones together
  2. reduce movement in unwanted directions

Module 7 (50 decks)

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