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Module 7 > Fungal Infections Mycology > Flashcards

Fungal Infections Mycology Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

what is fungi

A

uni or multicellular organisms

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2
Q

is fungi aerobic or anaerobic

A

aerobic eukaryotes

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3
Q

do fungi have a defined or undefined nuclei

A

defined nuclei

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4
Q

what are the cell walls of fungi made up of

A

carbohydrate and chitin

ergosterol in plasma membrane

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5
Q

are fungi saprophytic or parasitic

A

can be both

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6
Q

how do fungi reproduce

A

sexual or asexual reproduction

asexual spores by mitosis –> infectious forms of hyphal fungi

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7
Q

what is the importance of fungi in veterinary medicine

A
  1. allergy (fungal spores)
  2. cutaneous and superficial mucous membranes (dermatophytes, melessezia, candida infection)
  3. subcutaneous (sporotrichosis)
  4. systemic –> primary pathogens (histoplasma), opportunistic pathogens (aspergillus)
  5. toxins (mycotoxins)
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8
Q

how is fungi diagnosed

A

laboratory diagnosis

clinical specimens –> skin, hair, nails, swabs from mucous membranes, blood etc

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9
Q

what are the methods of laboratory diagnosis

A
  1. direct microscopy: skin, hair, nails, KOH preps, calcofluor white, gram stain on colonies, giemsa
  2. culture: sabarauds dextrose agar, chromagar, specialized agars, days or weeks –> identification by morphology of hyphae, production of spores, PCR, histology of tissue in invasive disease
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10
Q

what is yeasts

A

unicellular organisms that reproduce by budding

grow on skin, mucous surfaces and in the body

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11
Q

what are moulds

A

multicellular organisms that produce hyphae and myeclium and spores (dematophytes –> hyphae grow in skin, hair and nails

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12
Q

what are dimorphic fungi

A

organisms that can produce both hyphae and yeast like forms

hyphae in environment (+ spores) and yeasts in the infected host –> geographically restricted

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13
Q

how do yeasts grow

A

by division

budding

binary fission

somtimes the daughter cells may not detach themselves –> result is pseudohyphae (pseudo and true hyphae –> Candida albicans)

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14
Q

what are species of yeasts

A

candida

malassezia

cryptococcus

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15
Q

is candida gram + or -

A

gram positive

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16
Q

what are the shape of candida

A

oval cells

3-6 micromilimeters

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

what do candida form

A

germ tubes

chlamydospores

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19
Q

what do candida grow on in lab

A

37C on sabouraud’s dextrose agar/chromogenic agar

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20
Q

what do candida look like in culture

A

creamy white colonies

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21
Q

what species is this

A

candida

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22
Q

what is candida albicans in cattle

A

causes mycotic abortion

rumenal infections

mastitis

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23
Q

what does candida albicans in pigs

A

dermatitis

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24
Q

what does candida albicans in dogs cause

A

chronic enteritis and dermatitis

vaginitis/vulvitis in diabetes

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25
what does candida albicans in birds cause
crop infections, enteritis
26
what does candida albicans in man cause
mucosal and systemic infections
27
what is malassezia
bottle shaped malassezia pachydermatis
28
what does malassezia grow on
sabouraud's dextrose agar at 37C
29
what does malassezia cause
ottis externa dermatitis
30
what species is this
malassezia
31
what is cryptococcus
C. neoformans C. grubii C. gattii
32
what infections does cryptococcus cause
opportunistic infections defective cell mediated immunity meningitis nasal cavity of cats with chronic rhinitis nasal, cutaneous, neural and ocular disease in cats
33
what species is this
cryptococcus
34
what are filamentous hyphal fungi (moulds)
multicellular, multinucleate
35
what is the basic unit of moulds
hyphae, a long filament hyphae branch and cross link to form a mat (mycelium)
36
where does growth occur in filamentous hyphal fungi
growth occurs at hyphal tip hyphae may be divided by cross-walls (septa) into uninuclear units
37
what are non septate hyphae
coenocytic
38
what do septa contain
pore all cytoplasm is connected
39
what species is this
filamentous hyphal fungi (moulds)
40
what is dermatophytes
microsporum, trichophyton sp
41
what are the features of dermatophytes
septate branching hyphae antropophilic, geophilic, zoophilic
42
what do dermatophytes digest
digest keratin --\> infect skin, hair and nails
43
what spores do dermatophytes form in clinical specimens
arthrospores
44
what spores do dermatophytes form in lab culture and what do they grow on
microconidia and macroconidia grow on sabouraud's within 7-14 days at 28C
45
what species is this
dermatophytes - microsporum, trichophyton
46
what is the difference between ectothrix and endothrix
ectothrix: fragmentation of the mycelium into conidia around the hair shaft or just beneath the cuticle of the hair, with destruction of the cuticle endothrix: infections of the hair that invade the hair shaft and internalize into the hair cell.
47
what type of infections are these
ectothrix top endothrix bottom
48
what is microsporum
ringworm in man and animals anthropophilic, zoophilic, geophilic microconidia en thyrse --\> along sides of hyphae may fluoresce under wood's light
49
what is M. canis
ringowrm in cats and dogs transmissible to man
50
where does M. canis grow
on hair with arthospores --\> ectothrix
51
what does M. canis appear on culture
macroconidia elliptical with up to 14 divisions, rare on isolation fluoresces colonies smooth white surface, yellow underside
52
what is this
microsporum canis
53
what are other microsporum species
M. gypseum --\> many macroconidia, dog, geophilic M. nanum --\> pigs
54
what is trichophyton
zoophilic ringworm in man and animals
55
what is the shape of trichophyton
club-shaped macroconidia microconidia en thyrse and en grappe spiral hyphae no fluorescence
56
what are the species of trichophyton
T. verrucosum --\> ringworm in cattle transmissible to man T. mentagrophytes --\> dog, horse T. equinum --\> horse T. gallinae --\> fowl
57
what is T. verrucosum abundant in
chlamydospores large spore ectothrix on hair colonies slow growing --\> deep in agar
58
what species is this
T. verrucosum cattle
59
what species is this
trichophyton verrucosum
60
what species is this
T. equinum
61
what species is this
T. mentagrophytes
62
what species is this
T. mentagrophytes
63
what is the structure of aspergillus
septate branching hyphae sporing heads or conidia in oxygen conidiophore and sterigmae use colonial appearance, size and details of conidiophore to identify
64
what species is this
aspergillus
65
where is aspergillus fumigatus
on food, fodder spores infect young non-immune or immunosuppressed animals
66
where does aspergillus fumigatus grow
sabouraud's at 24-28C
67
what is the shape of aspergillus fumigatus
star shaped colonies green blue with sporing heads histopathological evidence of tissue invasion
68
what species is this
aspergillus fumigatus
69
what is aspergillus disease (hatched chicks, birds, horses, dogs, cows, man)
mainly respiratory infection --\> spore inhalation pneumonia in newly hatched chicks air sacculitis in birds guttoral pouch mycosis in horses nasal aspergillosis in dogs mycotic abortion in cows --\> poor quality feed man --\> allergic disease and severe infection in immunocompromised
70
what are the host defences against aspergillus in the lung (9)
1. inactive conidia are inhaled 2. conidia lodge in lower respiratory tract 3. conidia swell 4. blocked by macrophages 5. conidia germinate into hyphae 6. blocked by neutrophils 7. hyphae invade tissues 8. blocked by neutrophils 9. hyphae invade blood vessels and disseminate
71
what is this
aspergillus in bovine lung
72
what is this
aspergillus in airsacs
73
what are 2 distinct forms of dimorphic fungi
mould and yeast
74
where is dimorphic mould and yeasts found and how do they enter the host
moulds in environment yeast in animal tissue --\> pathogenic form spores enter host by respiratory route (or skin)
75
what disease do dimorphic fungi cause
histoplasma capsulatum blastomyces dermatitidis coccidioides immitis sporothrix schenckii
76
what is histoplasma capsulatum
endemic in mississippi and ohio river valleys man dogs and cats impaired CMI (cell mediated immunity) granulomas in lungs infection of macrophages
77
what disease is this
histoplasma capsulatum
78
what does histoplasma capsulatum farcinimosum cause (how does it entre, what species, where is it found, what does it grow in)
epizootic lymphangitis spores entre through skin ulcers over lymphatics and lymph nodes horses notifiable, category 3 india, africa, middle east grows at 30C in serum rich media
79
what is subcutaneous disease caused by
sporotrichosis (sporothrix schenckii) natural infection of animals (cats) and humans --\> cutaneous and systemic
80
what species is this
sporotrichosis subcutaneous disease
81
what is zygomycetes
broad hyphae non-septate
82
how does zygomycetes reproduce
asexual spores in sporangium sexual spores oospores or zygospores
83
what infections does zygomycetes cause
Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia, Saprolegnia infection uncommon in healthy immunocompetent animals immunodeficiency, steroids, antibiotics
84
what does zygomycetes cause
abortion in cattle rumenitis
85
what is this
zygomycetes
86
what are mycotoxins
secondary metabolites of fungal species in crops, pasture or stored feed
87
what do mycotoxins cause
non-antigenic, immunosuppression, mutagenic, teratogenic, carcinogenic
88
what is alfatoxin
difuranocoumarins aspergillus species alfatoxicosis --\> absorption from GI tract, metabolized by liver to toxic product --\> carcinogenic
89
what is ergotism
ergopeptide alkaloids claviceps purpurea domestic animals and humans seed heads of grasses and cereals --\> ergotamine and argometrine affect nerves supplying arteriolar smooth muscles
90
what is mycotic estrogenism
zearalenone potent non steroidal estrogen produced by fusarium sp maize and other cereals reproductive problems in cattle and sheep

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