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Module 7 > Hock & Distal Limb Muscles > Flashcards

Hock & Distal Limb Muscles Flashcards

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1
Q

what type of bones are in the tarsus

A

tarsal bones

short bones

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2
Q

what bones are in the proximal, middle, distal row of the tarsus

A

proximal: talus, calcaneus - palpable

middle row: central & 4th TBs

distal row: 1, 2, 3 & 4 TBs (4th TB bridges middle and distal rows)

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3
Q

which tarsal bones are fused in the horse

A

1 and 2

3 very large

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4
Q

what are the joints in the tarsus

A
  1. tibio-tarsal joint
  2. proximal intertarsal joint
  3. distal intertarsal joint
  4. tarso-metatarsal joint
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5
Q

what is the tibio-tarsal joint

A

talus-tibia & fibula

large range of movement

calcaneus –> not articular (lever to move distal limb)

2 trochlear ridges

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6
Q

what is the proximal intertarsal joint

A

talus and calcaneus

central and 4 TBs

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7
Q

what is the distal intertarsal joint

A

central 1, 2, & 3 TBs (4th bridges the joint, no movement)

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8
Q

what is the tarso-metatarsal joint

A

1, 2, 3, & 4 TBs - metatarsal bone

firmly attached –> no movement

intratarsal joints –> ligaments holding bones together

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9
Q

name the joints of the tarsus

A
  1. tibio-tarsal joint
  2. proximal intertarsal joint
  3. distal intertarsal joint
  4. tarso-metatarsal joint
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10
Q

what is the movement in the tarsus

A

large range of flexion

most movement in the tibio-tarsal joint

little movement in other joints

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11
Q

what produces rotation in the tarsus

A

trochlea not verticle

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12
Q

what occurs during limb protraction and hock flexion

A

distal hindlimb directed lateral to forelimbs

prevents over reach injuries

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13
Q

what occurs during limb retraction and hock extension

A

distal hindlimb directed in axial plane –> propulsion

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14
Q

what are the features of the tarsus

A

typical synovial joint

extensive joint capsule

poor communication between compartments

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15
Q

what is palpable within the tarsus

A

tibio-tarsal joint separate from rest

dorsomedial aspect, plantarolateral aspect, plantaromedial aspect

distal reigions of joint –> dorsomedial and dorsolateral aspect

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16
Q

how is the tarsus stabilized

A
  1. collateral ligaments
  2. fibrocartilagenous reinforcement of joint capsule
  3. retinaculum
  4. plantar ligament
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17
Q

how does the collateral ligament stabilize the tarsus

A

ligaments on

long: tibia- metatarsal bone
short: bridge bone - bone

common injury in dressage and cow horses

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18
Q

what ligaments and structures are shown

A
  1. collateral ligaments
  2. fibrocartilagenous reinforcement of joint capsule
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19
Q

what ligament is this

A

plantar ligament

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20
Q

how many centres of ossifications do the tarsal bones develop from

A

all single

except the calcaneus bone = 2

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21
Q

what are clinical conditions of the tarsus

A
  1. bone spavin = hock degereative joint disease
    - central & 3rd TBs most commonly affected
    - new bone formation
    - joints may fuse - no longer visible on radiograph
    - if affects tibio-tarsal joint = very bad prognosis
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22
Q

what clinical condition is shown

A

bone spavin

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23
Q

what are the origins and insertions of the cranial tibial muscle

A

O- proximal tibia

I- metatarsal bones (all sp.)

I- medial aspect hock (horse) = cunean tendon

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24
Q

what is the function of the cranial tibial muscle

A

hock flexion

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25
what is the nerve supply of the cranial tibial muscles
peroneal/fibular nerve (branch of sciatic)
26
what muscle
cranial tibial muscle
27
what muscle
cranial tibial muscle
28
what is the origin and insertion of the peroneus longus/long fibular muscle
O- lateral tibia and fibula I- plantar aspect tarsus
29
do horses have the peroneus longus/long fibular muscle
no only dogs and cats
30
what are the origin and insertions of the peroneus tertius/third fibular muscle
O-lateral femoral condyle (with long digital extensor muscle) I- 3rd MT (with cranial tibial muscle) I- lateral aspect tarsus
31
what is the function of the peroneus muscle
hock flexion
32
what is the nerve supply of the peroneus muscle
peroneal/fibulra nerve (branch of sciatic)
33
what muscle
peroneus longus/long fibular muscle (dog & cat) peroneus tertius/third fibular muscle (horses)
34
what is the origin and insertion of the long digital extensor muscle
O- extensor fossa (femur) tendon of origin incorperated into stifle joint capsule --\> provides lateral collateral support to stifle I- all digits distal phalanx --\> extensor process
35
what is the function of the long digital extensor muscle
hock flexion digital extension
36
what are the nerve supply of the long digital extensor muscle
peroneal/fibular nerve (branch of sciatic)
37
what muscle is this
long digital extensor muscle
38
what tendon is present on the distal caudal aspect of the hindlimb
common calcanean tendon (achilles tendon)
39
what are the components of the common calcanean tendon
1. biceps femoris 2. semitendinosus 3. gracilis 4. gastrocnemius 5. superficial digital flexor
40
what is the insertion of the common calcanean tendon
I- calcaneus tuber calcis/calcanean tuberosity
41
what is the function of the common calcanean tendon
acts as lever for distal limb + plantar ligament hock extension
42
what tendon is this
common calcanean tendon
43
what tendon and ligament is this
common calcanean tendon plantar ligament
44
what are the origin and insertion of the gastrocnemius muscle
O- femur (2 tendons of origin, fabellae) I- calcaneus (most significant component of common calcanean tendon)
45
what is the function of the gastrocnemius muscle
hock extensor | (stifle flexor)
46
what is the nerve supply to gastrocnemius muscle
tibial nerve (branch of sciatic)
47
what muscle is this
gastrocnemius muscle
48
what are the origin and insertion of the superficial digital flexor muscle
O- distal femur (with gastrocnemius) I- calcaneus (part of common calcanean tendon) I- branches to all digits (middle phalanx)
49
what is the function of superficial digital flexor muscle
hock extension digital flexion support of distal limb joints in extension (no accessory check ligament)
50
what is the nerve supply of the superficial digital flexor muscle
tibial nerve (branch of sciatic)
51
what muscle is this
superficial digital flexor muscle
52
what is the origin and insertion of deep digital flexor muscle
O-tibia (runs over tarsus, not part of common calcanean tendon) I- branches to all digits (distal phalanx)
53
what is the function of the deep digital flexor muscle
hock extensor digital flexor support of dital limb joints in extension weak accessory check ligament (small, or completely absent)
54
what is the nerve supply to the deep digital flexor muscle
tibial nerve (branch of sciatic)
55
what muscle is this
deep digital flexor muscle
56
what muscles are hock flexors
1. cranial tibial muscle 2. peroneus muscle
57
what muscles are hock flexor and digital extensor
long digital extensor
58
what nerves are the hock flexors supplied by
fibular/peroneal nerve
59
what muscles are hock extensors +/- digital flexors
1. common calcanean tendon (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, gracilis, gastrocnemius, superficial digital flexor) 2. deep digital flexor
60
what nerves supply the hock extensors
tibial nerve
61
which tendon is palpable
common calcanean tendon
62
what is the hindlimb stay apparatus allowing
natural weightbearing position = extension ability to lock weight bearing hindlimb in extension while other rested (resting forelimb = lame)
63
what does the hip/stifle/hock prevent
collapse into flexion
64
what system does the hip have in the hindlimb stay apparatus
no passive system
65
what system does the stifle have in the hindlimb stay apparatus
patellar locking mechanism
66
what system does the hock contain in the hindlimb stay apparatus
reciprocal apparatus
67
what is the reciprocal apparatus
peroneus tertius superficial digital flexor fibrous bands (not really a muscle --\> acts as a rope)
68
what is the proximal movement of origin in the reciprocal apparatus
proximal movement of insertion stifle and hock must move together
69
what system is shown here
reciprocal apparatus peroneus tertius & superficial digital flexor
70
what do the MTP/PIP/DIP joints prevent
hyperextension
71
what does the MTP joint contain that contributes to the stay apparatus
**suspensory apparatus** suspensory ligament proximal sesamoids distal sesamoidean ligaments long digital extensor
72
what do the MTP, PIP, DIP joints contain that contributes the the hindlimb stay apparatus
SDFT (no accessory check ligament) DDFT + accessory check ligament annular ligaments
73
what is the functional significance of the hindlimb in horses
massive power during hindlimb extension huge muscle mass --\> gluteal muscles, hip extensors/limb retractors (extra heads), stifle extensors, hock extensors (reciprocal apparatus) forces directed caudally in axial plane (angled trochlea on talus --\> jumping)
74
what are the palpable swellings around the tarsus
1. joint effusion (5 locations) 2. seroma (capped hock) 3. bursitis (calcanean bursa) 4. tendon sheath effusion 5. plantar ligament - "curb" 6. distended medial saphenous vein
75
identify the muscles and tendons
76
identify the muscles and tendons
77
identify the muscles and tendons
78
identify the muscles and tendons
79
identify the muscles and tendons
80
identify the tendons and muscles
81
identify the equine hock bones
82
identify the components of the canine hock

Module 7 (50 decks)

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