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Module 7 > Elbow Joint & Muscles of Proximal Forelimb > Flashcards

Elbow Joint & Muscles of Proximal Forelimb Flashcards

1
Q

what does peripheral nervous system supply

A

supplies the body

cranial nerves –> emerge from brain

spinal nerves –> emerge from spinal cord

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2
Q

what is the afferent pathway

A

body to brain

sensory fibres (pain, temperature, pressure)

proprioception –> location of limb in space

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3
Q

what is the efferent pathway

A

brain to body

voluntary movement

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4
Q

how does the nerve supply develop in the embryo

A

somites in embryo –> blocks of tissue, develop alongside spinal cord, group combines to form each forelimb, drag nerves with them, nerve supply therefore reflects origin

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5
Q

what are spinal nerves and where do they pass

A

leave spinal cord and pass through intervertebral foramen

paired left and right

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6
Q

what are the branches of spinal nerves that supply the forelimbs

A

dorsal branches supply dorsal structures

ventral brances from C6, C7, C8, T1, T2 form brachial plexus

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7
Q

what is the brachial plexus

A

multiple exhanges of fibres –> emerging nerves supply forelimb

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8
Q

how are the fibres of skeletal muscle arranged

A

parallel bundles

encased in fibrous tissue

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9
Q

what are the origins and insertions of skeletal muscle usually

A

O: usually proximal

I: usually distal

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10
Q

what are the attachments of skeletal muscle

A

directly to bone –> rough surface area, bony bumps/tubercles

via aponeurosis (muscle tissue stops but continue on as fibrous tissue) –> sheets, areas of restricted access

via tendons

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11
Q

what are tendons

A

rope of CT

condensation of fibrous tissue into cords

continuation of muscle as fibrous tissue –> less bulky across joints, small area of attachment

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12
Q

what are the functions of muscle

A

muscle fibres contract –> muscle belly shorten

points of attachment pulled closer together –> effect depends on origin and insertion

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13
Q

what does action of muscle depend on (2)

A
  1. specific joint(s) crossed
  2. aspect of joint(s) crossed

(a muscle has no effect on a joint if it doesn’t cross it)

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14
Q

what are extrinsic muscles

A

origin on axial skeleton –> insertion in appendicular skeleton

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15
Q

what movement do extrinsic muscles produce

A

movement of limb relative to trunk

  1. protraction (limb moves cranially)
  2. retraction (limb moves caudally)
  3. adduction (medually)
  4. abduction (laterally)
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16
Q

what are intrinsic muscles

A

original & insertion within appendicular skeleton

movement limited to within lumb (flexion/extension, rotation)

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17
Q

what is flexion and extension

A

flexion - reduced flexor angle (non-weight bearing position)

extension - increased flexor angle (weight bearing position)

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18
Q

break down what brachiocephalic means

A

cephalic = head

brachium = arm

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19
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the brachiocephalic muscle

A

O: cervical vertebrae & skull

I: humerus

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20
Q

where is the brachiocephalic muscle located

A

cranial to limb

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21
Q

what is the function of the brachiocephalic muscle

A

forelimb protractor

shoulder extensor (increases angle caudle to the joint and will extend the shoulder)

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22
Q

what is the clavicle

A

bony remnant in muscle cranial to shoulder

present in cats, absent in dogs

allows differentation on radiographs

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23
Q

what muscle is this

A

brachiocephalic muscle

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24
Q

what muscle is this

A

brachiocephalic muscle

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25
Q

what is the latissimus dorsi muscle

A

latus = broad

dorsi = back

“broadest muscle of the back”

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26
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the latissimus dorsi muscle

A

O: thoracic vertebrae

I: humerus

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27
Q

where is the latissimus dorsi located

A

caudal to the limb

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28
Q

what is the function of the latissimus dorsi muscle

A

forelimb retractor

also propulsion

shoulder flexor (reduces angle)

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29
Q

what muscle is the latissimus dorsi muscle the equal and opposite of

A

bachiocephalic muscle

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30
Q

what muscle is this

A

latissimus doris

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31
Q

what muscle is this

A

latissimus dorsi

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32
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the serratus ventralis muscle

A

O: thoracic wall (ribs), cervicle vertebrae

I: proximal scapula (medial aspect), (proximal to pivitol point)

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33
Q

where is the serratus ventralis muscle located

A

between forelimb and trunk

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34
Q

what is the function of serratus ventralis muscle

A

support weight of trunk between forelimbs

cranial portion –> retractor

caudal portion –> protractor

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35
Q

what muscle is this

A

serratus ventralis muscle

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36
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the trapezius muscle

A

O: cervical and thoracic vertebrae

I: proximal scapular spine

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37
Q

how many parts does the trapezius muscle have

A

2 parts - cranial and caudal

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38
Q

where is the trapezius muscle located

A

proximal to limb

proximal to pivotal point

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39
Q

what is the function of the trapezius muscle

A

abduction of the limb (also protraction)

more limited abduction in domestic species –> helps with protraction with serratus ventralis

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40
Q

what muscle is this

A

trapezius muscle

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41
Q

what muscle is this

A

trapezius muscle

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42
Q

what muscle is this

A

trapezius muscle

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43
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the pectoral muscle

A

O: sternum

I: humerus

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44
Q

what are the two pectoral muscles

A

deep & superficial groups

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45
Q

where are the pectoral muscles located

A

medial to limb

distal to pivotal point

46
Q

what is the function of the pectoral muscles

A

adduction of the limb

47
Q

what muscle is this

A

pectoral muscles

48
Q

what muscle is this

A

pectoral muscle

49
Q

what are the extrinsic forelimb muscles and their functions

A
  1. brachiocephalic –> protractor
  2. latissimus dorsi –> retractor
  3. serratus ventralis –> both protractor & retractor
  4. trapezius –> abductor
  5. pectorals –> adductor
50
Q

what is nerve supply to the extrinsic forelimb muscles

A

brachiocephalic –> not brachial plexus

the rest are brachial plexus

51
Q

what are the components of the elbow joint

A
  1. trochlea of humerus
  2. head of radius
  3. trochlear notch of ulna
52
Q

what type of joint is the elbow joint and what does it include

A

synovial joint

including collateral ligaments (humeral epicondyles to radius and ulna)

53
Q

what are the palpable landmarks of the elbow joint

A

medial & lateral epicondyles

olecranon process

54
Q

how is the elbow joint stabilized

A
  1. collateral ligaments
  2. anconeal process (ulna) –> engaged within olecranon/ulnar fossa (humerus)
55
Q

what is the movement of the elbow joint

A

limited to flexion and extension

some rotation possible between radius and ulna

56
Q

what occurs during elbow dislocation

A

occurs & replaced flexion

immobilize in extension (flex limb and realign to put back in

57
Q

what is elbow dysplasia

A
  1. combination of development conditions –> osteochondrosis, ununited anconeal process (significant for stability), fragmented medial coronoid process, elbow incongruity (articular surfaces don’t match eachother)
  2. degenerative joint disease –> classic locations around margins of joint capsule
  3. capped elbow –> subcutaneous bursa
58
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the deltoideus muscle

A

O: spine of scapula (2 heads)

I: lateral aspect of humerus

59
Q

what is the location of the deltoideus muscle

A

caudo-lateral aspect of limb

60
Q

what is the function of the deltoideus muscle

A

crosses caudal to shoulder joint –> shoulder flexor

61
Q

what is the nerve supply to the deltoideus muscle

A

axillary nerve coming from brachial plexus

62
Q

what muscle is this

A

deltoideus muscle

63
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the teres major muscle

A

O: caudal border of scapula

I: medial humerus

64
Q

what is the function of the teres major muscle

A

caudo-medial aspect of limb

65
Q

what is the function of teres major muscle

A

crosses caudal to shoulder joint –> shoulder flexor

66
Q

what is the nerve supply of the teres major muscle

A

axillary nerve

67
Q

what muscle is this (lateral)

A

teres major muscle

68
Q

what muscle is this

A

teres major muscle

69
Q

how many heads does the triceps barchii muscle have

A

4 heads

70
Q

what is the origin of the long head of the triceps brachii muscle

A

O: caudal border scapula

71
Q

what are the origin of the other heads of the triceps brachii muscle

A

O: shaft of humerus

72
Q

what is the insertion of the triceps brachii muscle

A

I: olecranon process of ulna

73
Q

what are the functions of the tricpes brachii muscle

A

crosses caudal to shoulder –> shoulder flexor (the long head)

crosses caudal to elbow –> elbow extensor

74
Q

what is the nerve supply of triceps brachii

A

radial nerve (from brachial plexus)

75
Q

what muscle is this

A

triceps brachii

76
Q

what muscle is this

A

triceps brachii

77
Q

what muscle is this (lateral and medial aspect)

A

triceps brachii

78
Q

what is origin and insertion of the biceps brachii muscle

A

O: supraglenoid tubercle

I: proximal radius (intrinsic muscle)

79
Q

what is the location of the biceps brachii muscle

A

cranio-medial aspect of limb (deep to brachiocephalicus & pectorals)

80
Q

what is the functions of biceps brachii muscle

A

crosses cranial to shoulder –> shoulder extensor

crosses cranial to elbow –> elbow flexor

81
Q

what is the nerve supply to the biceps brachii muscle

A

musculocutaneous nerve

82
Q

what muscle is this

A

biceps brachii muscle

83
Q

what muscle is this

A

biceps brachii muscle

84
Q

what is the tendon of origin of biceps brachii mucsle and how is it held in place and protected

A

intertubercular groove of humerus

held by transverse ligament

protected by bicipital bursa (extension of shoulder joint capsule)

85
Q

what is the lacertus fibrosis (insertion, location, function)

A

fibrous extension of biceps brachii muscle

inserts 3rd metacarpal

crosses dorsal to carpus

carpal extensor –> allows to stand for long periods of time –> part of stay apparatus

86
Q

what structure is this

A

intertubercular groove of humerus

yellow - extension of joint capsule

blue - transversr ligament

87
Q

what structure is this

A

lacertus fibrosis

88
Q

what structure is this

A

lacertus fibrosis

89
Q

what is the origin and insertion of brachialis muscle

A

O: humerus

I: radius

90
Q

what is the location of brachialis

A

lateral aspect of limb –> wraps around humerus

91
Q

what is the function of the brachialis muscle

A

elbow flexor

crosses cranial to elbow joint

92
Q

what is the nerve supply of brachialis muscle

A

musculocutaneous nerve

93
Q

what muscle is this

A

brachialis muscle

94
Q

what are the shoulder flexor muscles and the nerves that supply

A
  1. latissimus dorsi
  2. deltoideus –> flexor only
  3. teres major –> flexor only (axillary nerve)
  4. triceps brachii –> mult. heads only 1 affects shoulder (radial nerve)
95
Q

what are the shoulder extensor muscles (cranial aspect)

A
  1. brachiocephalicus (cranial direction)
  2. biceps brachii (musculocutaneous nerve)
96
Q

name these muscles

A
  1. latissimus dorsi
  2. deltoideus
  3. teres major
  4. triceps brachii
  5. brachiocephalicus
  6. biceps brachii
97
Q

what gives shoulder collateral support

A

supraspinatous

infraspinatous

subscapularis

98
Q

what causes elbow flexion

A
  1. biceps brachii
  2. brachialis
99
Q

what causes elbow extension

A
  1. triceps (4 heads)
100
Q

name these muscles

A

S- supraspinatous

I- infraspinatous

SubS- subscapularis

101
Q

name these muscles

A

SubS- subscapularis

  1. biceps brachii
  2. triceps
102
Q

name these muscles

A

S- supraspinatous

I- infraspinatous

  1. brachialis
  2. triceps
103
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles

A

A. brachiocephalic

B. latissimus dorsi

C. serratus ventralis

D. trapezius

E. pectorals

104
Q
A
105
Q

identify the features of the elbow joint

A
106
Q

what muscle is this

A

deltoideus muscle

107
Q

where is the triceps brachii muscle located

A

caudal aspect of limb

108
Q

name the muscles of the forelimb

A
109
Q

name the muscles

A
110
Q

name the muscles

A

Module 7 (50 decks)

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