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Gen Eds > GenBioFinal > Flashcards

GenBioFinal Flashcards

1
Q

list the steps of the scientific method in order

A
  1. observe
  2. question
  3. hypothesis
  4. prediction
  5. experiment
  6. observe results
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2
Q

list 4 of the key features that all living things have

A 
organized
metabolism
respond to stimuli
grow/reproduce
use energy
homeostasis
evolution
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3
Q

according to scientific estimates, how long ago did the 1st aerobic eukaryote first appear on earth?

A

1.7 billion years ago

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4
Q

list Darwin’s 2 key observations that led him to conclude that evolution was occurring by natural selection

A
  1. overproduction of offspring with struggle to survive

2. individual variation

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5
Q

where does Russell think life started?

A

hydrothermal vents on ocean floor

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6
Q

how many water molecules move through an aqauporin each second?

A

3 billion

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7
Q

what happens to a cell without a cell wall in a hypertonic environment?

A

shrivel up

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8
Q

how often does flip-flop occur in a plasma membrane?

A

1 per month

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9
Q

function of nucleus

A

houses DNA

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10
Q

function of RER

A

protein processing

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11
Q

function of mitochondria

A

make ATP

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12
Q

function of golgi body

A

ship and receive proteins

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13
Q

function of dynein arms

A

carry vesicles on the cytoskeleton

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14
Q

function of lysosome

A

digestive enzymes

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15
Q

define the term “ligand”

A

signaling molecule

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16
Q

gap junctions in the heart represent which type of signaling?

A

direct contact

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17
Q

give an example of paracrine signaling

A

immune signaling

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18
Q

which enzymes add phosphates to activate/inactivate proteins?

A

kinases

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19
Q

name 2 of the 3 amino acids that typically receive or lose phosphates

A

Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine

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20
Q

when a ligand first binds to RTK receptors, what happens next?

A

dimerize and auto-phosphorylate

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21
Q

once insulin has activated a cell through its RTK receptors, what is the final resulting action taken by the cell?

A

pump glucose into cell and breakdown or store it

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22
Q

what does Ras do?

A

activates MAP Kinases

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23
Q

what do Cholera do to the GPCR, and what happens next in the intestines?

A

locks it “on” and chloride ions are pumped into intestine with water following

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24
Q

what type of junction is found between epithelial cells in the skin?

A

tight

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25
Q

what percentage of our modern medicines are targeted at the GPCR and its ligands?

A

60%

26
Q

once cortisol binds to its receptor, what happens next?

A

moves into nucleus and binds DNA

27
Q

what does the First Law of Thermodynamics say?

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed

28
Q

why are Exergonic reactions spontaneous?

A

product more stable

29
Q

in the 1st round of the Calvin Cycle, which compound initially combines with carbon dioxide?

A

Ribulose Biphosphate (RuBP)

30
Q

what does the b6-f cytochrome complex do when it receives energized electrons?

A

pump H+ into chloroplast stroma

31
Q

which molecule carries electrons from the light reactions to the dark reactions of photosynthesis?

A

NADPH

32
Q

which compound bonds with 3CO2 to form 6C3 molecules?

A

Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)

33
Q

which enzyme produces ATP from the light reactions of photosynthesis?

A

ATP synthase

34
Q

where does the calvin cycle occur?

A

chloroplast stroma

35
Q

which compound is produced by Calvin Cycle and is used to make Glucose?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate (G3P)

36
Q

which enzyme in the electron transport step of cell respiration is used to produce ATP?

A

ATP synthase

37
Q

which protein in the electron transport step of cell respiration receives electrons from FADH2?

A

protein complex II

38
Q

when Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate breaks apart, which compound is produced?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate (G3P)

39
Q

where does the Intermediate step occur in eukaryotic cell respiration?

A

mitochondrial matix

40
Q

which steps produce CO2 during aerobic cell respiration?

A

Intermediate step and Krebs Cycle

41
Q

Oxaloacetate and Acetyl-CoA combine to form which compound in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Citric Acid

42
Q

Which energy molecule is formed during the Krebs Cycle?

A

GTP

43
Q

Which of the following processes during meiosis are responsible for genetic variation within the species?

A
  • crossover and recombination

- arrangement of the homologous chromosomes on the metaphase I plate

44
Q

if a cell has 8 chromosomes, how many possible arrangements of homologous pairs could occur on the metaphase plate during metaphase I?

A

16

45
Q

After crossover and recombination, homologous chromosomes are held together during prometaphase I by _____

A

chiasmata

46
Q

which of the following tends to lead to an increased rate of aneuploidy?

A

lower numbers of crossover and recombination events

47
Q

which of the following defines Mendel’s Law of Segregation?

A

the two alleles for each gene separate during gamete production

48
Q

what is structurally different between DNA and RNA at the 2’ carbon?

A

DNA has H+ bond

RNA has OH- bond

49
Q

how many hydrogen bonds form between A and T in double stranded DNA?

A

2 (a double bond)

50
Q

what do we call the fragments that form on the lagging strand during DNA replication

A

Okazaki

51
Q

which enzyme do cells use to remove the RNA primer and replace it with DNA?

A

DNA polymerase I

52
Q

what do we call the locations where copying the DNA starts along the genome?

A

Origin of Replication (ORI)

53
Q

which RNA sequence is found in Telomerase?

A

AAUCCCAAU

54
Q

which sequence does RNA polymerase bind to in order to start Transcription?

A

TATAAT

55
Q

what are coding regions called in a gene?

A

exons

56
Q

which enzyme fixes (glues) the sugar-phosphate backbone during DNA repair?

A

Ligase

57
Q

in order to get into the ribosome, tRNA is coupled with a chaperone molecule and an energy molecule. name them both

A 
elongation factor (EF)
GTP
58
Q

which enzyme binds amino acids together while they are in the ribosome?

A

Peptidyl Transferase

59
Q

which chaperone molecule brings the small subunit of the ribosome to the mRNA at the beginning of translation?

A

initiation factor (IF)

60
Q

in the Lac operon, where does the repressor protein bind to the DNA in order to turn off the Lac genes?

A

operator

61
Q

which enzyme removes the introns from the eukaryotic mRNA?

A

spliceosome

Gen Eds (39 decks)

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