GenBioFinal

Question 1

list the steps of the scientific method in order

Answer 1

1. observe
2. question
3. hypothesis
4. prediction
5. experiment
6. observe results

Question 2

list 4 of the key features that all living things have

Answer 2

organized
metabolism
respond to stimuli
grow/reproduce
use energy
homeostasis
evolution

Question 3

according to scientific estimates, how long ago did the 1st aerobic eukaryote first appear on earth?

Answer 3

1.7 billion years ago

Question 4

list Darwin’s 2 key observations that led him to conclude that evolution was occurring by natural selection

Answer 4

1. overproduction of offspring with struggle to survive

2. individual variation

Question 5

where does Russell think life started?

Answer 5

hydrothermal vents on ocean floor

Question 6

how many water molecules move through an aqauporin each second?

Answer 6

3 billion

Question 7

what happens to a cell without a cell wall in a hypertonic environment?

Answer 7

shrivel up

Question 8

how often does flip-flop occur in a plasma membrane?

Answer 8

1 per month

Question 9

function of nucleus

Answer 9

houses DNA

Question 10

function of RER

Answer 10

protein processing

Question 11

function of mitochondria

Answer 11

make ATP

Question 12

function of golgi body

Answer 12

ship and receive proteins

Question 13

function of dynein arms

Answer 13

carry vesicles on the cytoskeleton

Question 14

function of lysosome

Answer 14

digestive enzymes

Question 15

define the term “ligand”

Answer 15

signaling molecule

Question 16

gap junctions in the heart represent which type of signaling?

Answer 16

direct contact

Question 17

give an example of paracrine signaling

Answer 17

immune signaling

Question 18

which enzymes add phosphates to activate/inactivate proteins?

Answer 18

kinases

Question 19

name 2 of the 3 amino acids that typically receive or lose phosphates

Answer 19

Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine

Question 20

when a ligand first binds to RTK receptors, what happens next?

Answer 20

dimerize and auto-phosphorylate

Question 21

once insulin has activated a cell through its RTK receptors, what is the final resulting action taken by the cell?

Answer 21

pump glucose into cell and breakdown or store it

Question 22

what does Ras do?

Answer 22

activates MAP Kinases

Question 23

what do Cholera do to the GPCR, and what happens next in the intestines?

Answer 23

locks it “on” and chloride ions are pumped into intestine with water following

Question 24

what type of junction is found between epithelial cells in the skin?

Answer 24

tight

Question 25

what percentage of our modern medicines are targeted at the GPCR and its ligands?

Answer 25

60%

Question 26

once cortisol binds to its receptor, what happens next?

Answer 26

moves into nucleus and binds DNA

Question 27

what does the First Law of Thermodynamics say?

Answer 27

energy cannot be created or destroyed

Question 28

why are Exergonic reactions spontaneous?

Answer 28

product more stable

Question 29

in the 1st round of the Calvin Cycle, which compound initially combines with carbon dioxide?

Answer 29

Ribulose Biphosphate (RuBP)

Question 30

what does the b6-f cytochrome complex do when it receives energized electrons?

Answer 30

pump H+ into chloroplast stroma

Question 31

which molecule carries electrons from the light reactions to the dark reactions of photosynthesis?

Answer 31

NADPH

Question 32

which compound bonds with 3CO2 to form 6C3 molecules?

Answer 32

Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)

Question 33

which enzyme produces ATP from the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Answer 33

ATP synthase

Question 34

where does the calvin cycle occur?

Answer 34

chloroplast stroma

Question 35

which compound is produced by Calvin Cycle and is used to make Glucose?

Answer 35

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate (G3P)

Question 36

which enzyme in the electron transport step of cell respiration is used to produce ATP?

Answer 36

ATP synthase

Question 37

which protein in the electron transport step of cell respiration receives electrons from FADH2?

Answer 37

protein complex II

Question 38

when Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate breaks apart, which compound is produced?

Answer 38

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate (G3P)

Question 39

where does the Intermediate step occur in eukaryotic cell respiration?

Answer 39

mitochondrial matix

Question 40

which steps produce CO2 during aerobic cell respiration?

Answer 40

Intermediate step and Krebs Cycle

Question 41

Oxaloacetate and Acetyl-CoA combine to form which compound in the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 41

Citric Acid

Question 42

Which energy molecule is formed during the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 42

GTP

Question 43

Which of the following processes during meiosis are responsible for genetic variation within the species?

Answer 43

- crossover and recombination | - arrangement of the homologous chromosomes on the metaphase I plate

Question 44

if a cell has 8 chromosomes, how many possible arrangements of homologous pairs could occur on the metaphase plate during metaphase I?

Answer 44

16

Question 45

After crossover and recombination, homologous chromosomes are held together during prometaphase I by _____

Answer 45

chiasmata

Question 46

which of the following tends to lead to an increased rate of aneuploidy?

Answer 46

lower numbers of crossover and recombination events

Question 47

which of the following defines Mendel's Law of Segregation?

Answer 47

the two alleles for each gene separate during gamete production

Question 48

what is structurally different between DNA and RNA at the 2' carbon?

Answer 48

DNA has H+ bond | RNA has OH- bond

Question 49

how many hydrogen bonds form between A and T in double stranded DNA?

Answer 49

2 (a double bond)

Question 50

what do we call the fragments that form on the lagging strand during DNA replication

Answer 50

Okazaki

Question 51

which enzyme do cells use to remove the RNA primer and replace it with DNA?

Answer 51

DNA polymerase I

Question 52

what do we call the locations where copying the DNA starts along the genome?

Answer 52

Origin of Replication (ORI)

Question 53

which RNA sequence is found in Telomerase?

Answer 53

AAUCCCAAU

Question 54

which sequence does RNA polymerase bind to in order to start Transcription?

Answer 54

TATAAT

Question 55

what are coding regions called in a gene?

Answer 55

exons

Question 56

which enzyme fixes (glues) the sugar-phosphate backbone during DNA repair?

Answer 56

Ligase

Question 57

in order to get into the ribosome, tRNA is coupled with a chaperone molecule and an energy molecule. name them both

Answer 57

``` elongation factor (EF) GTP ```

Question 58

which enzyme binds amino acids together while they are in the ribosome?

Answer 58

Peptidyl Transferase

Question 59

which chaperone molecule brings the small subunit of the ribosome to the mRNA at the beginning of translation?

Answer 59

initiation factor (IF)

Question 60

in the Lac operon, where does the repressor protein bind to the DNA in order to turn off the Lac genes?

Answer 60

operator

Question 61

which enzyme removes the introns from the eukaryotic mRNA?

Answer 61

spliceosome