PHL110 - exam1

Question 1

specialized vocabulary

Answer 1

lexicon

Question 2

all things have a soul

Answer 2

animism

Question 3

what are the building blocks of philosophy?

Answer 3

reasoning, logic, and argument

Question 4

what is the point of an argument?

Answer 4

to reach the truth

Question 5

includes human element; preferences

Answer 5

subjectivity

Question 6

a statement that no one can argue with; without any human interference

Answer 6

objectivity

Question 7

the study of reality; oldest branch of ; craziest ideas

Answer 7

metaphysics

Question 8

the study of knowledge

Answer 8

epistemology

Question 9

the study of behavior

Answer 9

ethics

Question 10

original type of philosophy; the study of being; eventually became metaphysics

Answer 10

ontology

Question 11

that a substance is made from more than one thing

Answer 11

pluralism

Question 12

when a substance is made from one thing

Answer 12

monism

Question 13

1st philosopher to question the natural world; believed in monism; believed that everything was made from water

Answer 13

Thales

Question 14

foreshadowed DNA/molecules; drew map of known world

Answer 14

Anaximander

Question 15

saw the world as a grand harmony with mathematical perspective; saw/found numbers; Pythagorean theorem; discovered musical scales and harmony; music of the spheres; music is math

Answer 15

Pythagoras

Question 16

he believed that everything is we see is on fire; believed that everything is constantly moving (flux); the sun is new each day; you cant step into the same river twice

Answer 16

Heraclitus

- weeping philosopher

Question 17

opposite of Heraclitus; reality is in a steady state

Answer 17

Parmenides

Question 18

called atoms tiny bits of uncuttable matter

Answer 18

The Atomists

- Democritus was known as the laughing philosopher

Question 19

group of people that taught people how to argue persuasively; interested in teaching rhetorical techniques ad tricks needed to win an argument at all costs

Answer 19

Sophists

Question 20

the art of using language effectively

Answer 20

rhetoric

Question 21

ex: cops giving more tickets to men than women

Answer 21

double standard

Question 22

“justice is nothing but the advantage of the stronger”; “_____ is nothing more than the truth”

Answer 22

persuasion

Thrasymachus

Question 23

was well loved; questioned the status quo; knowledge is virtue; know yourself

Answer 23

Socrates

Question 24

philosopher king; founded the Academy; rationalist ; tromp l’oeil ; thought that all things were in Ideal Form

Answer 24

Plato

Question 25

the 1st college in history

Answer 25

Platos Academy

Question 26

Plato's short educational story; the journey through stages of knowledge ; demonstrates his Theory of Forms - The trapped prisoners represent the regular people who can only see the shadows of the true forms - The escaped prisoner represents the Philosopher who is trying to reach the world of Forms - The outside world represents the world of Forms, where the true form of beauty lies - The sun represents the form of the Good, as it is the source of all other forms.

Answer 26

Allegory of the cave

Question 27

truth can only be achieved through reason

Answer 27

rationalism

Question 28

french; to fool the eye

Answer 28

trompe l'oeil

Question 29

studied with Plato, but disagreed with him; father of modern science; empiricist; essence; believed that matter and form make up things

Answer 29

Aristotle

Question 30

Aristotle started this school because his ideas were different from Platos

Answer 30

Lyceum

Question 31

Aristotle's 4 causes:

Answer 31

1. Material Cause – this is the substance that something is made from. For example, a TV is made from glass and metal and plastic. 2. Formal Cause – this refers to what gives the matter its form. For example, a TV is not just a piece of glass but glass and metal arranged in a certain way and programmed to work as it does. 3. Efficient Cause – this refers to the reason behind somethings existence. For example, a TV exists because someone has the idea to build one and put all the parts together to make it work. 4. Final Cause – this cause is the reason why something is the way it is. This asks the question, what is the function of this object? Why does a TV have glass on the screen? So that we can watch it. The reason why a thing exists in the first place, what is its function.

Question 32

truth is achieved through the senses or experiences

Answer 32

empiricism

Question 33

change happens in order for things to fulfill their potential

Answer 33

essence (telos)

Question 34

thought that all matter in the universe was composed of indivisible atoms

Answer 34

Democritus

Question 35

Method involving a technique for establishing an informed conclusion; from greek word argue or converse

Answer 35

dialect

Question 36

uses questions and analysis to draw people into an exchange of ideas regarding a central concept, in an attempt to get at the essential nature of that concept; practiced by Socrates and sought to strip away pretensions, inconsistencies, and false ideas to get a universal truth

Answer 36

the socratic method

Question 37

Aristotle and Plato agreed that:

Answer 37

That genuine knowledge must be universal and both wanted to determine the nature of reality

Question 38

-Form - the ideal essence of everything that exists - Plato was concerned with the ideal Forms of concepts such as Beauty, Truth, Justice and the Good - He observed that the term beauty may be applied to different objects and people. - However, there are many types of beauty - Plato suggests that underlying all of these is the real Form of beauty - And some part of the idea of beauty is imitated by all the different beautiful things. - Plato says that there must be somewhere where these Forms exist - As a form is unchanging as it is not a physical object and it can never die, so it cannot be in the material world - Plato suggests that in our world there are only shadows and images of the Forms - When we are born, we have some recollection of what the Forms are – he suggests evidence for this is that we all have a basic understanding of what beauty is without being taught it - However, through our lives we lose the idea of the True forms - The Philosopher is someone who tries to escape the material world and see the Forms that lie behind it - In his book, The Republic, Plato suggests that it is the Philosophers who should rule in society.

Answer 38

Theory of Forms