PSY111 - ch6

Question 0

process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli

Answer 0

habituation

Question 1

A sea shell slug about 5 inches long that retracts its gill when pricked,, but then habituates (stops retracting its gill) if pricked repeatedly

Answer 1

aplysia califonicus

Question 2

• repeated exposure to stimuli can lead to this and respond more strongly over time.

Answer 2

sensitization

Question 3

change in an organisms behavior or thought as a result of experience

Answer 3

learning

Question 4

form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response

Answer 4

classical (Pavlovian conditioning)

Question 5

researched with dogs by classical conditioning

Answer 5

ivan pavlov

Question 6

stimulus that elicits an automatic response

Answer 6

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 7

automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned

Answer 7

unconditioned response (UCR)

Question 8

response previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning

Answer 8

conditioned response (CR)

Question 9

initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 9

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 10

learning phase during which a conditioned response is established

Answer 10

acquisition

Question 11

gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 11

extinction

Question 12

sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 12

spontaneous recovery

Question 13

sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired

Answer 13

renewal effect

Question 14

process by which conditioned stimuli are similar, but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response

Answer 14

stimulus generalization

Question 15

process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus
-ex: being afraid of a tornado on tv and having different response in person

Answer 15

stimulus discrimination

Question 16

the process by which organisms develop classically conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli that later become associated with the original conditione stimulus

Answer 16

higher-order conditioning

Question 17

learning controlled by the consequences of the organisms behavior

Answer 17

operant conditioning

Question 18

grasping the underlying nature of a problem

- ex: Thorndikes cats learning puzzle to being in box

Answer 18

insight

Question 19

small animal chamber constructed by Skinner too allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised
- electronically records an animals response and prints out a cumulative record of animals activity

Answer 19

Skinner box

Question 20

if a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between stimulus and response will be strengthened
- principle asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behavior in the future

Answer 20

law of effect - Thorndike

Question 21

outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior

Answer 21

reinforcement

Question 22

presentation of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior
- ex: giving a gold star on hw to get child to keep studying

Answer 22

positive reinforcement

Question 23

removal of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior
- ex: static is no longer present in a certain area, therefore causing you to stand there more often

Answer 23

negative reinforcement

Question 24

outcome of consequence of a behavior that weakens the probability of the behavior - administering a stimulus that the organism wishes to avoid; ex physical shock or spanking = positive - taking away a stimulus that the organism wishes to experience; ex favorite toy= negative

Answer 24

punishment

Question 25

stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement - unconsciously aware that it occurs all the time - ex: snapping fingers at dog too come or waving at friend

Answer 25

discriminative stimulus

Question 26

pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses - ex: give a rat a pellet after it presses the lever in a Skinner Box 15 times

Answer 26

fixed ratio (FR) schedule

Question 27

pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once following a specified time interval - ex: worker get paid every friday as long as they sell one item during that 1 week interval

Answer 27

fixed interval (FI) schedule

Question 28

pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomly - ex: a pigeon on a ___ ___ of 10 might receive a piece of bread after 6 pecks, then 12 pecks, then 1 peck, then 21 pecks, with average of these being 10

Answer 28

variable ratio (VR) schedule

Question 29

pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly - ex: dog may have to perform trick during 7min interval the first time, then 1min interval the second time, then 20min interval, then 4min interval, with an average of these being 8 mins

Answer 29

variable interval (VI) schedule

Question 30

conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target - coach shapes and learner takes part in actions - initially reinforcing most or all responses that are close to the desired behavior, and then gradually fading our reinforcement for the not-exactly-right behaviors over time

Answer 30

shaping by successive approximations

Question 31

neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer - ex: tokens, points, etc

Answer 31

secondary reinforcer

Question 32

item or outcome that naturally increases the target behavior - ex: favorite food, drink, etc

Answer 32

primary reinforcer

Question 33

learning thats not directly observable - we learn many things without showing them - competence - performing what we know and performance - showing what we know

Answer 33

latent learning

Question 34

O - organism interprets thee stimulus before producing a response - organisms response to a stimulus depends on what the stimulus means to it. - ex: having two friends show up late and acting mad. one friend is apologetic and the other is rude

Answer 34

S-O-R psychology

Question 35

mental representation of how a physical space is organized | - ex: mental picture layout of the college campus after first few weeks

Answer 35

cognitive map

Question 36

learning by watching others | - ex; professors, parents, friends

Answer 36

observational learning

Question 37

cell in the prefrontal cortex that becomes activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes that action

Answer 37

mirror neuron

Question 38

we're evolutionarily predisposed to fear certain stimuli more than others b/c they posed a threat to our ancestors. - more likely to fear cliffs and poisonous animals than to household items

Answer 38

preparedness

Question 39

an individuals preferred or optimal method of acquiring new information - 4 types of different learners

Answer 39

learning style

Question 40

learners who excel at breaking down problems into different components

Answer 40

analytical learner

Question 41

learners that excel at viewing problems as a whole

Answer 41

holistic learner

Question 42

learners who prefer t talk through a problem

Answer 42

verbal learners

Question 43

learners who prefer to visualize problems in their heads

Answer 43

visual learners

Question 44

brain deficit | - brain finished myeliating at 22-24 years old

Answer 44

psychopathic

Question 45

socialization deficit | - under socialized b/c haven't had the right kind of experiences

Answer 45

sociopathic

Question 46

switching letters up when writing them out

Answer 46

dyslexia

Question 47

Pattern of reinforcing behavior

Answer 47

Schedule of reinforcement

Question 48

Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs, resulting in faster learning but faster extinction than only occasional reinforcement

Answer 48

Continuous reinforcement

Question 49

Only occasional reinforcement of a behavior, resulting n slower extinction than if the behavior had been reinforced continually

Answer 49

Partial reinforcement