MicroBioFinal Flashcards
1
Q
What percentage of all the cells in/on your body are actually your cells with your DNA?
A
1/10th human
2
Q
Name 2 locations on/in your body where we find normal flora
A
nose, skin
3
Q
According to scientific estimates, how long ago did the anerobic prokaryotes show up?
A
3.5 billion years ago
4
Q
List Darwin’s 2 key observations
A
- overproduction of offspring
2. individual variation
5
Q
Who disproved spontaneous generation, and what was the experiment called?
A
Pasteur; Swan-neck flask experiment
6
Q
What is Semmelweis famous for?
A
handwashing
7
Q
Who accidentally discovered Penicillin?
A
Flemming
8
Q
What is Jenner famous for?
A
*Vaccination
Vaccinia Virus
9
Q
Who was the first to coin the term “cellulae” (cell)?
A
Hooke
10
Q
Where does Russell think life may have started on earth?
A
hydrothermal vents in ocean floor
11
Q
List 3 groups of organisms that fall into the category of “Eubacteria” (aka Bacteria)?
A
gram+, gram-, acid-fast
12
Q
List the steps of Biofilm formation in order
A
- Planktonic Organism
- Reversible attachment w/attachment pilus
- Irreversible attachment w/slime layer
- Microcolony formation and quorum sensing
- Mature biofilm
- Release of planktonic organism
13
Q
Which term do we define as “programmed cell death”?
A
apoptosis
14
Q
List 3 physical barriers in immune system
A
skin, mucous membrane, sweat
15
Q
How are macrophage activated?
A
signal 0
16
Q
What do neutrophils do?
A
eat bacteria
17
Q
List the 4 key symptoms of inflammation
A
redness, heat, edema/swelling, pain
18
Q
Which cell mediates the fever by releasing pyrogens?
A
macrophage
19
Q
After all of the complement proteins have been activated, what happens to the cell?
A
cytolysis
20
Q
Which compounds do mast cells release to mediate inflammation?
A
histamine and heparin
21
Q
Histamine, cytokines, and internal cell components that activate antigen independent cells
signal 0,1, or 2?
A
signal 0
22
Q
Antigen recognition
signal 0,1, or 2?
A
signal 1
23
Q
costimulation of B or T cells with cytokines
signal 0, 1, or 2?
A
signal 2
24
Q
Precipitation
A
Binding to free protein antigens
25
Lysis
Activating the complement system
26
Agglutination
Binding to antigens on cells
27
Neutralization
Binding to viral antigens
28
Sally sneezed on charlie and he inhaled a pathogen. what type of transfer has occurred?
contact aersol droplets
29
What is the CD's #1 recommendation for preventing Nosocomial infection?
wash your hands
30
What type of motion do Eukaryotic flagella use?
wave
31
List the steps in viral replication for naked virsuses using the Lytic Cycle
1. attach
2. penetration
3. biosynthesis
4. assembly and maturation
5. release by lysis
Enveloped virus release by budding (has uncoating step)
32
How do enveloped viruses leave their host cells?
budding
33
what are prions?
misfolded proteins that infect others
34
how do bacterial cells divide?
binary fission
35
what happens to a cell with a cell wall in a hypertonic environment?
plasmolysis occurs
- hypertonic without cell wall = cell shrivels up
- isotonic with cell wall or no cell wall = flaccid
- hypotonic with cell wall = turgid, without cell wall = cytolysis
36
which channel protein move 3 billion water molecules per second across the plasma membrane?
aquaporins
37
which structure do some bacteria use to grab on to their environment?
attachment pilus
38
what is the capsule form of the glycocalyx used for?
To protect bacteria from the immune system
39
which proteins in the plasma membrane move molecules based on their size, shape, and diffusion?
carrier proteins
40
describe the gram+ cell wall
has techtoic acid that holds everything together and has a thick layer of peptidoglycan
41
what is the primary stain in the gram stain?
crystal violet
42
what is the composition of cytosol?
70-80% water, dissolved sugars, salts, ions, and minerals
43
what does the endosymbiotic theory claim?
Smaller organisms invade a larger organism and then mutualism occurs
44
which motor proteins carry vesicles along the cytoskeleton?
dynein arms
45
what is the error rate for RNA polymerase?
1/10,000
46
which 2 enzymes are responsible for DNA replication?
DNA helicase and DNA polymerase
47
what is the hereditary material for the cell?
DNA
48
transcribe the following sequence:
| AGCTAGTTAGCA
UCGAUCAAUCGU
DNA to RNA
49
the RNA molecule responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein assembly is the ____?
tRNA
50
if a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a ____ mRNA codon
UCG
51
the enzyme that copies DNA to make a molecule of mRNA is
RNA polymerase
52
what is transcription?
DNA is copied to mRNA
53
generally, plasmids carry which type of genetic material?
nonessential genes
54
which enzyme converts O2 into hydrogen peroxide?
superoxide dismutase (SOD)
55
which organisms do not produce catalase or superoxide dismutase?
obligate anerobe
56
the term facultative anerobe refers to an organism that:
- prefers O2
| - can live without O2
57
an organism that prefers to live in low pH environments is called a _______
acidophile
58
which enzyme converts hydrogen peroxide into water and O2?
catalase (CAT)
59
what does the Competitive Exclusion Principle predict will happen to the less advantaged organism?
1. less advantaged will be out competed by preferred organism
2. less advantaged will be forced into a new niche
60
during Aerobic Cellular Respiration, ATP is produced by which enzyme?
ATP synthase
61
where does Krebs Cycle occur during Prokaryotic Cellular Respiration?
in the cytosol
62
what is the final electron acceptor for obligate anerobes?
anything but oxygen
63
how much ATP is produced during electron transport for Aerobic Cellular Respiration?
34 ATP
64
how does UV light kill bacteria?
by damaging DNA
65
define degerming
removing microbes from a limited area
66
barring allergies, why doesn't Penicillin hurt us?
we do not make peptidogylcan
67
where do we get most of our antibiotics from?
other bacteria
68
what do quinolones do?
attack DNA gyrase
69
name the 2 biggest reasons that antibiotic resistance has increased dramatically in the last 50 years
1. *overuse in farm animals
| 2. being flushed down the toilet
70
which antibiotic resistant protein pumps the antibiotic back out of the cell?
rapid efflux pumps
71
which phage administration techniques seem to have the lowest interference from the immune system?
orally; locally
72
which environmental sources that we interact with daily contain large numbers of bacteriophage?
water and food
73
MRSA
| which enzyme does MRSA use to degrade the antibiotics we try to use against it?
beta lactamase
74
MRSA
| which toxin does MRSA release that causes disease symptoms?
alpha toxins (exotoxins)
75
MRSA
| where do healthy people carry MRSA?
normal flora (nares)
76
MRSA
| what is the preferred antibiotic to use against MRSA at this point?
IV Vencomyicin
77
MRSA
| according to 2002 data, what percentage of nosocomial infections were MRSA infections?
10%
78
Plague
| which organism causes plague?
Yersinia* Pestis (UNDERLINE!)
79
Plague
| which symptom marks the beginning of secondary pneumonic plague?
bloody sputum
80
Plague
| how long do you have after the 1st symptoms to treat pneumonic plague?
18 hours
81
Plague
| what is the death rate for untreated pneumonic plague?
100%
82
Lyme
| what bacterial cell shape does Borrelia burgdorferi have?
spirochete
83
Lyme
| which key feature do you look for to detect Early Localized Lyme?
stiff neck or target lesions
84
Lyme
| how are we told to prevent Lyme disease today?
1. check yourself and pets for ticks after being in wooded areas and grassy areas
2. making sure that head of tick is completely removed
85
AIDS
| name the 4 body fluids you can get HIV from
seminal fluid, vaginal secretions, blood, breast milk
86
AIDS
| what is the clinical definition of AIDS?
less than 200mL of T helper cells per mL of blood
87
AIDS
| what do protease inhibitors do?
prevent assembly of new virus
88
AIDS
| if we want to functionally cure someone, when do we need to start treatment?
within 6 weeks of exposure/infection
89
Chicken Pox
| name on method of transmission for chicken pox
contact aersol
90
Chicken Pox
| where does the chicken pox virus remain for the rest of your life in a (usually) dormant state?
nervous system tissue
91
Chicken Pox
| which medication do we use to speed up the resolution of chicken pox symptoms?
Acyclovir
92
Chicken Pox
| how can we distinguish at the clinical (symptom) level between chicken pox and smallpox?
Chick Pox arrive in waves of crops and are in chest, neck, armpits, scalp
Small Pox arrive in one crop and are mainly found on face and limbs
93
Smallpox
| which virus causes Smallpox?
Variola Major/Minor
94
Smallpox
| where in the cell does smallpox replicate?
in the cytosol
95
Smallpox
| what is the death rate for smallpox?
40%
96
Smallpox
| what is the treatment for smallpox?
there is no treatment
97
According to scientific estimates, how long ago did the aerobic eukaryotes show up?
1.7 billion years ago
98
According to scientific estimates, how long ago did the Oxygen show up?
2.5 billion years ago
99
According to scientific estimates, how long ago did was Earth formed?
4.6 billion years ago
100
According to scientific estimates, how old is the universe?
15 billion years old
100
Which antibody class helps to mediate inflammatory response?
IgE
