GenBioFinal - OtherMaterial

Question 1

the universe is how many years old?

Answer 1

15 billion

Question 2

earth was formed how many years ago?

Answer 2

4.6 bya

Question 3

anerobic prokaryotes were discovered how many years ago?

Answer 3

3.5 bya

Question 4

oxygen was discovered how many years ago?

Answer 4

2.5 bya

Question 5

Darwin made what conclusion from his two key observations?

Answer 5

natural selection/survival of the fittest/evolution

Question 6

cilia are what size of flagella?

Answer 6

1/10th the size of flagella

Question 7

What happens to a cell with a cell wall in hypertonic environment?

Answer 7

plasmolysis

Question 8

what happens to a cell with a cell wall in hypotonic environment?

Answer 8

turgid

Question 9

what happens to a cell without a cell wall in hypotonic environment?

Answer 9

cell lysis

Question 10

what happens to a cell without a cell wall and with a cell wall in isotonic environment?

Answer 10

flaccid

Question 11

how often does lateral movement occur in the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 11

1x10^7 per sec

Question 12

Function of SER

Answer 12

membrane production (lipid assembly)

Question 13

what enzymes remove phosphates? (dephosphorylation)

Answer 13

phosphatases

Question 14

cortisol uses what type of receptor?

Answer 14

intracellular receptor

Question 15

2nd Law of Thermodynamics:

Answer 15

all reactions in universe lead to increase in entropy

Question 16

exothermic

Answer 16

release of heat

Question 17

endothermic

Answer 17

requires input of heat

Question 18

endergonic

Answer 18

requires input of energy (not spontaneous)

Question 19

gap junctions are _____ junctions.

Answer 19

communicating junction

Question 20

desmosomes are ____ junctions.

Answer 20

anchoring

Question 21

does evolution violate the second law of thermodynamics?

Answer 21

2nd law is a closed system and evolution is an open system. so yes, it does violate it

Question 22

enzymes do what to reactions?

Answer 22

speed them up

Question 23

which protein in the electron transport step of cellular respiration receives electrons from NADH?

Answer 23

Protein Complex I

Question 24

cdk molecules are necessary for what?

Answer 24

turning on/off specific processes

cdk = cyclin-depenedent kinases

Question 25

goal of krebs cycle?

Answer 25

to eliminate carbon

Question 26

enzymes in electron transport that transfer electrons?

Answer 26

Protein complex I, II, III - Ubiqunone | Protein complex IV - Cytochrome complex

Question 27

what is monaicism?

Answer 27

when cells dont have the same DNA

Question 28

Law of independent assortment

Answer 28

alleles from two different genes separate independently of each other

Question 29

noncoding regions

Answer 29

introns | - removed by splicing

Question 30

what fixes Okazaki fragments?

Answer 30

DNA ligase

Question 31

how do we read dna? | how to we build dna?

Answer 31

read: 3'-5' build: 5'-3'

Question 32

translation

Answer 32

reading mrna and turning into AA

Question 33

what are telomers?

Answer 33

repeating sequence of dna at end of chromosomes

Question 34

5 steps in dna replication:

Answer 34

1. dna lhelicase - unzips dna 2. rna primase - adds rna primer 3. dna pol. III - copies dna 4. dna pol. I - removes rna primer and replaces it with dna 5. dna ligase - uses own energy as form of atp; gues dna backbone during repair; fixes okazaki fragments

Question 35

which protein binds to the operator?

Answer 35

repressor protein

Question 36

when there is no lactose what happens?

Answer 36

repressor protein binds to operator and transcription is stopped

Question 37

when there is lactose what happens?

Answer 37

repressor protein binds to lactose and cannot bind to operator. transcription begins, genes are transcribed into mrna = make atp and gtp

Question 38

in order for mrna, trna, and the ribosomal subunit to assemble into a complex, what energy molecule and chaperone are used?

Answer 38

initiation factors and gtp

Question 39

error rate for dna pol. with proofreading

Answer 39

1/10 billion bases

Question 40

error rate for rna pol.

Answer 40

1/10,000

Question 41

what two mutations are deadly for a cell?

Answer 41

deletion and addition frameshift

Question 42

silent mutation

Answer 42

no change in AA | -substitution: change 1 letter

Question 43

missense

Answer 43

change in 1 AA | - inversion : changing order of 2 letters

Question 44

nonsense

Answer 44

early stop codon