PSY111 - ch3 Flashcards by rebecca chubirka

portion of neuron that receives signals

dendrite

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nerve cell specialized for communication

neuron

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portion of neuron that sends signals

axon

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spherical sac containing neurotransmitters

synaptic vesicle

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space between two connecting neurons through which messages are transmitted chemically

synapse

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a gap into which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal

synaptic cleft

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cell in nervous system that plays a role in the formation of myelin and the BBB responds to injury, removes debris, and enhances learning and memory

glial cell

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glial cells wrapped around axons that act as insulators of the neuron’s signal

myelin sheath

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electrical charge difference (-60 mV) across thee neuronal membrane, when the neuron is not being stimulated or inhibited

resting potential

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membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential

threshold

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electrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters

action potential

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chemical messenger specialized for communication from neuron to neuron

neurotransmitter

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time during which another action potential is impossible; limits maximal firing time

absolute refractory period

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location that uniquely recognized a neurotransmitter

receptor cite

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means of recycling neurotransmitters

reuptake

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chemical in brain that plays a specialized role in pain reduction

endorphin

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ability of the nervous system to change

plasticity

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a cell, often originating in embryos, having the capacity to differentiate into a more specialized cell

stem cell

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creation of new neurons in the adult brain

neurogenesis

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pockets in the brain that contain CSF ( provides brain with nutrients and cushion against injury)

cerebral ventricle

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outermost part of forebrain, responsible for analyzing sensory processing and higher brain functioning

cerebral cortex

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large band of fibers connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres

corpus callosum

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2 halves of the cerebral cortex, each of which serve distinct yet highly integrated functions

cerebral hemispheres

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forward part of the brain that allows advanced intellectual abilities

forebrain (cerebrum)

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forward part of cerebral cortex responsible for motor function, language, memory, and planning

frontal lobe

part of frontal lobe responsible for body movement

motor cortex

part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language

prefrontal cortex

language area in the prefrontal cortex that helps to control speech production

broca's area

upper middle part of the cerebral cortex lying behind the frontal lobe that is specialized for touch and perceptions

parietal lobe

lower part of cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing understanding language, and memory

temporal lobe

part of the temporal lobe involved in understanding speech

wernickes area

back part of cerebral cortex specialized for vision

occipital lobe

regions of the cerebral cortex that integrate simpler functions to perform more complex functions

association cortex

structures in the forebrain that help to control movement

basal ganglia

emotional center of brain that also plays roles in smell, motivation, and memory

limbic system

gateway from the sense organs to the primary sensory cortex

thalamus

part of the brain responsible for maintaining a constant internal state

hypothalamus

part of limbic system that pays key roles in fear, excitement, and arousal

amygdala

part of the brain that plays a role in spatial memory

hippocampus

part of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebral cortex that contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla

brain stem

part of the brain stem that contributes to movement, tracking of visual stimuli, and reflexes triggered by sound

midbrain

brain area that plays a key role in arousal

reticular activating system (RAS)

region below the midbrain that contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla

hinndbrain

brain structure responsible for our sense of balance

cerebellum

part of the brain stem that connects the cortex with the cerebellum

pons

part of brain stem involved in basic functions. such as heartbeat and breathing

medulla

thick bundle of nerves that conveys signals between the brain and the body

spinal cord

neuron that sends messages to other neurons nearby

innterneuron

part of the nervous system controlling the involuntary actions of our internal organs and glands, which along with the limmbic system, participates in emotion regulation

autonomic nervous system

division of ANS engaged during a crisis or after actions requiring fight or flight

sympathetic nervous system

division of ANS that controls rest and digestion

parasympathetic nervous system

system of glands and hormones that controls secretion of blood borne chemical messengers

endocrine system

chemical released into the bloodstream that influences particular organs and glands

hormone

master gland that, under the control of the hypothalamus, directs the other glands of the body

pituitary gland

recording of the brains electrical activity at the surface of the skull

electroencephalograph (EEG)

technique that uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize brain structure

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

imaging technique that measures consumption of glucose-like molecules, yielding a picture of neural activity in different brain regions of the brain

positron emission tomography (PET)

a technique that uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity using the bold response

functional MRI (MRI)

technique that applies strong and quickly changing magnetic fields to the surface of the skull that can either enhannce or interrupt brain function

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Technique that measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain than the other

lateralization

the right hemisphere of brain controls movement of left side of body... vice versa

contralateral

The Three "I" explanation of brain dysfunction:

1. Injury - closed or open wounds ex: Phineas Gage had a rod go through his frontal lobes 2. Illness - infections ex: Lyme disease, encephalitis 3. Insult - some temporary ex: lack of oxygen, low blood sugar

A very rare autosomal dominant inherited prion disease of the brain. It is almost always caused by a mutation to the protein PrPC, but can also develop spontaneously in patients with a non-inherited mutation variant called sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI). FFI has no known cure and involves progressively worsening insomnia, which leads to hallucinations, delirium, and confusional states like that of dementia. The average survival span for patients diagnosed with FFI after the onset of symptoms is 18 months

Familial Fatal Insomnia

contains nucleus and organelles

cell body/soma

- a region in an organ or tissue that has suffered damage - any abnormality in the tissue of an organism ("damage"), usually caused by disease or trauma. - derived from the Latin word laesio which means injury.

lesion

nerve cable that emerges from the base of the brain and extends down about 2/3rds of the length of the vertebral column

spinal cord

- mood and temperature regulation, aggression, and sleep cycles - serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are used to treat depression

seratonin (neurotransmitter)

- motor function - lack of this causes Parkinson's disease - Antipsychotic drugs block dopamine action and treat schizophrenia

Dopamine

means slice

tome

- an American born Canadian neurosurgeon - called "the greatest living Canadian" - devoted much thinking to the functionings of the mind, and continued until his death to contemplate whether there was any scientific basis for the existence of the human soul

William penfield

- His genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal - archetype of the Renaissance Man, a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination" - considered greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived - viturivian man - cadaver labs and paintings of skull

Leonardo Da Vinci

- theory of punctuated equilibrium, which he developed with Niles Eldredge in 1972 - theory proposes that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability, which is punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution. The theory was contrasted against phyletic gradualism, the popular idea that evolutionary change is marked by a pattern of smooth and continuous change in the fossil record. - campaigned against creationism and proposed that science and religion should be considered two distinct fields (or "magisteria") whose authorities do not overlap

Stephen Jay Gould

Portrait of Henry VIII is a lost work by ___ depicting Henry VIII

Holbein

- a form of perspective - usually distorted in some way. - have to view it in a special way - images do not make sense unless you know how or where to place your eye. They are hidden until you look from the correct place.

anamorphic art