PSY111 - ch2 Flashcards
0
Q
- heuristic that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype
- judging a book by its cover or “like goes with like”
A
representativeness heuristic
1
Q
- mental shortcut that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world
- in some cases they can lead us to an oversimplified reality
A
heuristics
2
Q
- how common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population
A
base rate
3
Q
- heuristic that involves estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to our minds
- how available it is in our memories
A
availability heuristic
4
Q
- systematic errors in thinking
A
cognitive biases
5
Q
- watching behavior in real-world settings without trying too manipulate the situation (peoples behaviors)
- watching behavior “unfold” without intervening it
A
naturalistic observation
6
Q
- the extent to which we can generalize our findings to real-world settings
- some psychologists contend that naturalistic designs almost always have a higher ______ than laboratory experiments
A
external validity
7
Q
- extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect interferences from a study
- we can manipulate the variables ourselves
A
internal validity
8
Q
- research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period
A
case study
9
Q
- procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate
A
random selection
10
Q
- consistency of measurement
A
reliability
11
Q
- extent to which a measure assesses what it purports(claims) to measure
- we can think of it as “truth in advertising”
A
validity
12
Q
- tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items
- OR IN OTHER WORDS: tendencies to distort their answers to items, often in a socially desirable direction
A
response set
13
Q
- research design that examines the extent to which 2 variables are associated
- relate to each other statistically
A
correlation design
14
Q
-grouping of points on a two-dimensional graph in which each dot represents a single person’s data
A
scatterplot
15
Q
- perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exist
- ex: full moon and people
A
illusory correlation
16
Q
- research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable
- if a study doesn’t contain both of them, it’s not an experiment
A
experiment
17
Q
- randomly sorting participants into two groups
A
random assignment
18
Q
- in an experiment, the group of participants that receives the manipulation
A
experimental group
19
Q
- in an experiment, the group of participants that doesn’t receive the manipulation
A
control group
20
Q
-variable that an experimenter manipulates
A
independent variable
21
Q
-variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect
A
dependent variable
22
Q
- a working definition of what a researcher is measuring; specifying how we’re measuring a variable
- when we define our independent and dependent variables for the purposes of study
A
operational definition
23
Q
- improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement (people on medicine might get better because they knew they were receiving treatment)
- latin for “i will please”
A
placebo affect
24
- unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group
- if patients aren't ______ to their condition, then the experiment is ruined because the patients differ in their expectations of improvement
blind
25
- placebo effect has an "evil twin"
- is harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm
- latin phrase = "to harm"
- ex: some who is allergic to roses sneezes to fake roses
nocebo effect
26
- phenomenon in which researchers hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study
- when participant doesn't know the condition assigned, but the experimenter does
experimental expectancy effect/Rosenthal effect
27
-when neither researchers nor participants are aware of who's in the experimental or conditional group
double-blind
28
- cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researchers hypotheses
- researchers get an unbiased view of participants thoughts and behaviors
demand characteristics
29
- informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate
informed consent
30
- application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data
statistics
31
- numerical characterizations that describe data
descriptive statistics
32
- measure of the "central" scores in a data set, or where the group tends to cluster
central tendncy
33
- average; a measure of central tendency
mean
34
- middle score in a data set; a measure of central tendency
median
35
most frequent score in a data set; a measure of central tendency
mode
36
- measure of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are
variability/dispersion
37
- difference between the highest and lowest scores
| - a measure of dispersion
range
38
- measure of dispersion that takes into account how far each data point is taken from the mean
standard deviation
39
- mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population
inferential deviation
40
"psychology has a long past, but only a short history"
hermann ebbinghaus 1908
41
influences that led to psychology as a discrete scientific discipline (8):
biology, philosophy, medicine and psychiatry, scientific experimental methodology, physiology, statistics, social sciences, education
42
- individual personal experience
humanistic perspective
43
year of 1879:
Wihelm Wundt establishes the first psychological labroratory in Leipzig Germany
44
year of 1900:
Sigmund Freud publishes The Interpretation of Dreams
45
year of 1908:
Alfred Binet publishes a scale of tests grouped by the ages at which the tests could be expected to be passed
46
year of 1928:
Ivan P. Pavlov offers Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes
47
year of 1950:
John Dollard and Neal E. Miller published Personality and Psychotherapy
48
year of 1954:
Abraham Maslow publishes Motivation and Personality
49
course description:
Introduction to the science of human behavior and mental processes. Student examine the relationship between the nervous system and behavior, learning, perception, language, personality, intelligence, and psychopathology.
