GI system week 2: lecture questions

Question 1

which class of antiemetics is ondansetron

Answer 1

a serotonin receptor antagonist

Question 2

how does ondansetron affect the heart

Answer 2

it can lower the q wave so its contraindicated for those with cardiac issues

Question 3

which drug class is dexamethosone

Answer 3

it is a glucocorticoid (steroid for fast relief

Question 4

what are the side effects of dexamethasone if used for a short period of time

Answer 4

literally none

Question 5

which pathway does metoclopramide block

Answer 5

it blocks the serotonin and dopamine pathways to CTZ (it is a dopamine antagonist)

Question 6

why does Matoclopramide cause peristalisis

Answer 6

it is a pro kinetic drug, it enhances upper GI in response to acetylcholine

Question 7

which drug poses a risk for tardive dyskinesia

Answer 7

metroclopramide (its basically muscle spasms)

Question 8

what is nabilone used for

Answer 8

its a cannabinoid used for chemo

Question 9

what drug class is dimenhydrinate

Answer 9

it is an antihistamine (gravol)

Question 10

which pathway does dimenhydrinate block

Answer 10

it blocks the H and M pathway

Question 11

what are some contraindications of dimenhydrinate

Answer 11

hx of glaucoma, lung disease or difficulty urinating

Question 12

what is dimenhydrinate typically used for (indications)

Answer 12

motion sickness, post-op drug induced nausea

Question 13

which drug class is scopolamine

Answer 13

muscarinic antagonist

Question 14

what is scopolamine best used for

Answer 14

motion sickness (it is anticholinergic)

Question 15

what are the most common uses for ondansetron

Answer 15

chemo
radiation
anesthesia
viral gastritis
pregnancy

Question 16

what is dexamethasone typically used for

Answer 16

chemo (also used with ondansetron)

Question 17

what is metroclopramide most commonly used for

Answer 17

opioid induced nausea

Question 18

which 2 antiemetics are anticholinergic

Answer 18

scopolamine and dimenhydrinate

Question 19

how does psyllium work?

Answer 19

it is a laxative that forms bulk (contains polysaccharides and cellulose)

Question 20

how does lactulose work

Answer 20

it turns into lactic acid in the colon which has osmotic action

Question 21

how does magnesium hydroxide work

Answer 21

it contains salts which draws water into lumen (osmotic)

Question 22

how does polyethylene glycol work

Answer 22

it is a non absorbable compound which retains water in the intestinal lumen (osmotic)

Question 23

which osmotic laxative is appropriate for chronic constipation

Answer 23

polyethylene glycol

Question 24

which laxative is most appropriate for opioid induced constipation

Answer 24

bisacodyl

Question 25

how does bisacodyl work

Answer 25

it stimulates peristalsis and increases amount of water and electrolytes in the blowel

Question 26

how does docusate sodium work

Answer 26

it softens stool through penetration of salt and water

Question 27

which laxatives take 1-3 days to work

Answer 27

Psyllium, lactulose, docusate sodium

Question 28

which laxatives take 6-12 hours to work in low doses, and 2-6 hours to work in high doses

Answer 28

magnesium hydroxide and polythelene glycol

Question 29

which osmotic laxative is bad for the kidneys

Answer 29

magnesium hydroxide

Question 30

which laxative helps with the excretion of ammonia (good for the liver)

Answer 30

lactulose

Question 31

how do opioids help with diarrhoea?

Answer 31

they activate opioid receptors in the GI system which slow GI motility

Question 32

what are the two opioid antidiarrheals

Answer 32

diphenoxylate and loperamide

Question 33

which antidiarrheal do we add atropine to and why

Answer 33

diphenoxylate because it discourages abuse due to its bad side effects

Question 34

which antidiarrheal is used to reduce amount of discharge in ileostomy

Answer 34

loperamide (Imodium)

Question 35

how does bismuth subsalicylate act as an anti diarrhoea

Answer 35

it coats walls of GI tract, binds to bacteria or toxin and removes it though stool

Question 36

which antidiarrheal may cause dark stool that looks like melena

Answer 36

bismuth subsalicylate

Question 37

what are the 4 goals of treatment for PUD (pharmacology)

Answer 37

alleviate symptoms, promote healing, prevent complications, prevent reoccurrence

Question 38

what do H2 receptors do

Answer 38

they're located in the parietal cells of the stomach, blocking them reduces the volume of gastric juice and decreases concentration of stomach acid

Question 39

what is the H2 receptor antagonist

Answer 39

Ranitidine

Question 40

how long does Ranitidine take to work

Answer 40

6-12 weeks to heal gastric and duodenal ulcers

Question 41

what does omeprazole do (moa)

Answer 41

its a proton pump inhibitor, proton pumps an enzyme that makes gastric acid

Question 42

how long does omeprazole take to work

Answer 42

it inhibits 97% of acid production in 2 hours

Question 43

what does it mean when a drug is acid-labile (which drug is this)

Answer 43

omeprazole is an acid-labile drug, meaning its easily destroyed in an acidic environment because of this capsules for this drug contain coated granules that only dissolve in the duodenum

Question 44

which two PUD drugs require monitoring for pneumonia

Answer 44

ranitidine and omeprazole

Question 45

what is dyspepsia

Answer 45

rebound acid hyper secretion, usually caused by omeprazole

Question 46

how do you remember what sucralfate does

Answer 46

its a bandaid over ulcers

Question 47

what is sucralfate moa

Answer 47

it creates a mucosal barrier against acid and pepsin to protect against ulcers

Question 48

how long does sucralfate work for

Answer 48

6 hours

Question 49

what are three things you need to remember when administering sucralfate

Answer 49

don't take with other antacids take on empty stomach take 30 mins apart from other meds because it might alter absorption

Question 50

which PUD drug should you use specifically for ulcers caused by chronic NSAID use

Answer 50

Misoprotisol

Question 51

what is Misoprotisol MOA

Answer 51

it replaces endogenous prostaglandin which suppresses acid production, increases bicarb and mucous secretion, and increases mucosal flow

Question 52

which PUD should you never take while pregnant

Answer 52

misoprotisol

Question 53

antacids MOA

Answer 53

they have alkaline properties that raise the pH of the stomach, decreasing pepsin and increasing prostaglandins

Question 54

which antiemetic causes a prolonged q wave

Answer 54

ondansetron

Question 55

which two antiemetics are anticholinergic

Answer 55

scopolamine and dimenhydrinate

Question 56

which antiemetic could cause tardive dyskinesia

Answer 56

metoclopramide

Question 57

what is tardive dyskinesia

Answer 57

basically causes jerks in your face and tounge that you can't control

Question 58

which antiemetic is the best for motion sickness

Answer 58

metoclopramide

Question 59

what is the fastest working laxative

Answer 59

bisacodyl

Question 60

which is the laxative used to clean people out before surgery

Answer 60

PEG

Question 61

which laxative has the most adverse effects

Answer 61

Lactulose

Question 62

what is ranitidine and what does it do

Answer 62

a histamine 2 receptor agonist, decreases volume of gastric juice

Question 63

what is sucralfate

Answer 63

band aide over ulcers

Question 64

what is omeprazole

Answer 64

proton pump inhibitor and inhibits the enzyme that makes gastric acid