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NURS 2514 > week 5 patho > Flashcards

week 5 patho Flashcards

1
Q

what does the term ischemia mean

A

inadequate blood supply to things due to blockage of blood vessels

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2
Q

what is infarction

A

injury/death to tissue

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3
Q

what is unstable angina

A

there’s an MI coming on

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4
Q

what happens when you block angio 2

A

vasodilation and fluid secretion, high potassium

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5
Q

what is depolarisation

A

when the heart goes from negatively charged to positive resulting in contraction

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6
Q

what is the pathway for heart conduction

A

SA - AV- bundle of HIS, L and R bundle branches, purkinjie fibres

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7
Q

what are the four properties of cardiac cells

A

automaticity, contractility, conductivity, excitability

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8
Q

what kinds of things can an ECG detect

A

abnormalities in cardiac conduction, ischemia, infarction, hypertrophy, electrolyte abnormalities

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9
Q

what would the sinus rhythm of cardiac conduction generated by the AV node be like

A

60-40 beats per minute, using AV as backup pacemaker means it’ll be a little delayed

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10
Q

whats the difference between a 12 lead ECG and a continuous

A

12 lead will be for diagnosing and getting a rlly in depth look at the heart, continuous will be more for superficial monitoring

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11
Q

what would an ECG look like in a patient with an NSTEMI

A

you will see ST depression (the space after QRS will be dipped_

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12
Q

what would an ECG look like in a patient with full STEMI

A

you will see ST elevation, the space after QRS will be v high

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13
Q

what should an ECG look like in a patient with high potassium

A

high and pointy T wave, wave is more spread out

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14
Q

what should and ECG look like in a patient with low potassium

A

An additional U wave, long q wave, low or inverted T wave

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15
Q

how does potassium affect heart contractility

A

high potassium can affect the ability to depolarise

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16
Q

what could cause sinus bradycardia

A

vagal stimulation, medications, hypothermia

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17
Q

how could sinus tachycardia lead to angina

A

coronary arteries fill during diastole, since diastole is shorter they aren’t filling enough, meaning the heart isn’t getting enough oxygen

18
Q

whats similar with all sinus rhythms (normal, tachycardia, brady)

A

waves don’t change, just the space in between them

19
Q

what is atrial fibrillation

A

heart goes haywire, atria pump at 600bpm, ventricles pump anywhere from 50-180 bpm, blood doesn’t actually move foreward

20
Q

why is there risk of blood clots with atrial fibrillation

A

blood doesn’t actually more foreward, thrombous may form due to venous stasis

21
Q

define heart failure

A

heart isn’t pumping as effectively as it should

22
Q

what are the 5 factors of cardiac output

A

contractility, HR, preload, afterload, blood volume

23
Q

what is a normal cardiac output

A

3-6 L/min

24
Q

what are the two biggest risk factors of heart failure

A

CAD because it reduces blood flow to the myocardium (responsible for cardiac pump)
HTn: resistance during afterload overworks ventricles

25
Q

what are two chronic causes of heart failure associated with contractility

A

CAD: impaired blood flow to myocardium
cardiomyopathy: disease to heart

26
Q

what are two acute causes of heart failure associated with contractility

A

acute MI (side backflow of blood to the heart)
myocarditis: inflammation of the heart muscle

27
Q

what are three causes of heart failure associated with afterload

A

HTN: heart has to work harder to overcome resistance
Pulmonary disease: same as HTN in terms of heart needs to try and push blood through lungs
hypertensive crisis: BP goes up quickly, heart can’t overcome

28
Q

what do valvular disease and rupture of papillary muscle have in common

A
  • both affect preload
  • valvular disease: valves aren’t working
  • rupture: this muscle is involved with the opening and closing of valves, when it ruptures it causes regurgitation and back flow
29
Q

what are the two issues in valvular diseases

A

stenotic valves: too tight
loose valves: don’t close properly (can cause regurgitation)

30
Q

what is myocarditis

A

inflammation of heart muscle, affects contractility

31
Q

what is ejection fraction

A

the percentage of blood during end diastolic volume that actually ejected from the heart during diastole (there’s always a bit remaining)

32
Q

what is a critical number for ejection fraction that could mean that the heart is failing

A

less than 40%

33
Q

what are some characteristics of heart failure with reduced injection fraction

A

it means there’s a pumping problem, left ventricle cannot contract strong enough to pump blood effectively
heart muscle damaged from being overworked
usually includes an ejection fraction less than 40 %

34
Q

what are characteristics of heart failure with preserved injection fraction

A

means there’s a filling problem, inability for ventricles to relax and fill during diastole
usually from ventricular hypertrophy

35
Q

what are the four compensatory mechanisms for heart failure

A
  1. SNS activation
  2. neurohormonal response (RASS)
  3. ventricular dilation
  4. ventricular hypertrophy
36
Q

what are the two cardiac enzymes that work against all compensatory mechanisms of the heart

A

ANP and BNP (they increase urinary output and trigger vasodilation)

37
Q

what is the difference between right sided and left sided heart failure

A

left sided: blood backs up into lungs
right sided: blood backs up into organs

38
Q

what is biventricular failure

A

failure of one pump with eventually cause other pump to fail

39
Q

what is the difference between hypertrophy and dilation

A

hypertrophy: LV is stiff, can’t pump as effectivelly
dilation: wider, looser

40
Q

what does blocking the RAAS do for a patient in heart failure

A

it can prevent cardiac remodelling!

41
Q

what is the atrial kick

A

puts significant volume towards ventricular preload, essential for adequate ventricular filling
(basically atria kick block into ventricles so they can fill)

NURS 2514 (31 decks)

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