week 6 path

Question 1

what is the main purpose of bone

Answer 1

to bear weight, levers for movement, and produces red and white blood cells in the bone marrow

Question 2

what is hematopoesis

Answer 2

bone marrow producing RBC and WBC

Question 3

which two vitamins does bones store

Answer 3

calcium and phosphate

Question 4

whats the difference between a joint and cartilage

Answer 4

joints: enclosed in a capsule of fibrous tissue and joins two bones together, forming a cavity
cartilage: rigid connective tissue that supports soft tissue and bones

Question 5

how is cartilage protective

Answer 5

it absorbs sick from things like running, jumping, etc.

Question 6

what is the synovial membrane

Answer 6

it lines the cavity of a joint and creates synovial fluid

Question 7

whats a synarthrodial joint

Answer 7

completely immovable joint

Question 8

what is an alpha artrhodial joint

Answer 8

slightly movable joint

Question 9

what is a diarthrodial joint

Answer 9

a freely movable joint (most common, like the elbow)

Question 10

what is articular cartilage

Answer 10

cartilage between two joints

Question 11

what are the three types of muscles

Answer 11

cardiac muscle: myocardium
smooth muscle: like in the bladder, GI tract, etc
skeletal muscle: all muscles involved with voluntary movement

Question 12

whats the difference between ligaments and tendons

Answer 12

tendons attach muscle to bone
ligaments connect bones to bones and provide stability

Question 13

why do tendon and bone injuries take longer to heal than other injuries

Answer 13

because theyre made of dense CT, they have low blood supply which means they’ll take longer to heal because inflammatory process isn’t as good

Question 14

whats a fracture

Answer 14

a break in the structure of the bone

Question 15

whats the difference between an open and closed fracture

Answer 15

open: if it broke skin and is exposed to air (risk for infection)
closed: fracture under closed skin

Question 16

how would you classify fracture according to directioin

Answer 16

transverse: along the bone
spiral

Question 17

what is crepitus

Answer 17

a crunching noise that you hear from a bone after a fracture

Question 18

what are the four fracture complications

Answer 18

infection, compartnemtn syndrome, venous thromboembolism, fat embolism

Question 19

what types of fractures pose the biggest risk for infection

Answer 19

open fractures because theyre exposed to outside air and bacteria. (also fractures that require surgery)

Question 20

how would you look for signs of infection in a patient with a fracture

Answer 20

inflammation, warmth, redness, swelling, increased pain, fever

Question 21

what is compartment syndrome

Answer 21

increased pressure in the muscle which can lead to iscemia and decrease in blood flow

Question 22

what are the 6 Ps of compartment syndrome

Answer 22

pain, pressure, parenthesis, pallor, pulselessness (bad), paralysis (v bad)

Question 23

what is a venous thromboembolism

Answer 23

from venous stasis, clot forms and can travel around

Question 24

which types of fractures pose a risk of venous thromboembolism

Answer 24

hip fractures, hip and knee surgery

Question 25

what is virchows triad

Answer 25

- immobility - endothelial damage - hypercoaguability

Question 26

what is a fat embolism

Answer 26

it occurs when bone breaks, can pop up 24-48 hours after damage usually asymptomatic, only bad when it travels to vital organs basically a bit of fat develops in pulmonary circulation

Question 27

what are some symptoms of a fat embolism

Answer 27

tachycardia, tachypnea, and dyspnea and well as neurological conditions such as bitchiness

Question 28

what are the three types of arthritis

Answer 28

osteoarthritis rheumatoid arthritis gout

Question 29

what is osteoarthritis

Answer 29

degenerative, gradual loss of cartilage. causes pain as bones have no protection and rub together

Question 30

what are the risk factors for OA

Answer 30

obesity trauma repetitive use post menopausal (because estrogen is protective against OA) family history

Question 31

what are the main clinical manifestations of OA

Answer 31

- non systemic - stiffness in the tAM - pain usually gets worse, relieved with rest - crepitus (cronch) - asymmetry

Question 32

what are the two joint deformities in osteoarthritis

Answer 32

heberden nodes (small, pea-sized bony growths that right before the nail bed) Bouchard nodes (joint of the finger is swollen)

Question 33

what is rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 33

chronic disease that causes inflammation around the body and commonly presents with pain in the joints. (systemic)

Question 34

what causes RA

Answer 34

environmental triggers and genetics

Question 35

what are the main general symptoms of RA

Answer 35

fatigue, fever, anorexia, weight loss, generalised stiffness

Question 36

what are some localised symptoms of RA

Answer 36

pain worse in the AM and improves as joint is used multiple joints bilaterally are effected (all over and even) limitation of movement heat swelling

Question 37

what are the 4 RA joint deformities

Answer 37

google cuz I don't get it lol

Question 38

what is the patho of gout

Answer 38

accumulation of uric acid crystals in one or more joints. quick onset

Question 39

what substances will trigger gout

Answer 39

purines, they can be exogenous or endogenous.

Question 40

what are the risk factors of gout

Answer 40

being male, obesity, hypertension, diuretic use, excessive alcohol, high diet in purine rich foods.

Question 41

what is osteoporosis patho

Answer 41

basically osteoclasts work faster that osteoblasts, which means bone is being broken down faster than its being built. this results in low bone density and porous bones

Question 42

what are some risk factors for increased loss of bone mass

Answer 42

low calcium, low vitamin D, low estrogen, smoking, ETOH, drugs, physical inactivity

Question 43

what is a primary risk factor for osteoperosis

Answer 43

natural aging, genetic factors

Question 44

what is a secondary risk factor for osteoporosis

Answer 44

diseases such as turners, cushings, diabetes, RA

Question 45

what are the pain clinical manifestations of osteoporosis

Answer 45

fractures that occur with little to no trauma pain (worse with activity and improves with rest) loss of vertebral height and kyphosis

Question 46

which two joint deformities occur with osteoarthritis

Answer 46

heberdens nodes (on the hands) bouchards nodes (on the feet)

Question 47

which two joint deformities occur with gout

Answer 47

tophi (all over the hands) podagra (on the joint in the big toe)

Question 48

what is a hallux valgus and which MSK issue is it associated with

Answer 48

rheumatoid arthritis

Question 49

what is ESR and C reactive protein

Answer 49

theyre both inflammatory markers that could indicate Rheumatoid arthritis