week 7 path

Question 1

what are the two smaller systems that make up the nervous system

Answer 1

the CNS and the PNS (peripheral nervous system

Question 2

what constitutes the CNS

Answer 2

CNS consists of the brain, spinal chord, and cranial nerves 1 and 2

Question 3

what constitutes the PNS

Answer 3

cranial nerves 3-12, spinal nerves and the autonomic nervous system

Question 4

what are the three main characteristics of neurons

Answer 4

excitability (ability to start an impulse)
conductivity (conduct nerve impulses from one neuron’s to the next)
ability to influence and communicate with other cells

Question 5

what is the myelin sheath

Answer 5

an insulated layer that forms around neurons and allows impulses to smoothly travel across

Question 6

what is an action potential

Answer 6

basically the action of the neuron initiating, receiving and processing a message. it is defined as a rapid, self-propagating and transient change in voltage across the cell membrane

Question 7

how does sodium and potassium move around to cause an action potential

Answer 7

sodium comes in and potassium leaves

Question 8

what is the synapse

Answer 8

basically the bridge between two neurons. this is where near transmitters are released to continue the message further (the space between two neurons)

Question 9

what type of movement happens when an action potential reaches a gland vs. muscle

Answer 9

a gland is involuntary, a muscle is voluntary

Question 10

how does a signal transmit across the synapse

Answer 10

the action potential starts at the presynaptic terminal of the first neuron.
it then gets to the synaptic cleft and acetylcholine is released.
there are receptors on the post synaptic cleft (second neuron) that receive acetylcholine.

Question 11

what does a neurotransmitter do

Answer 11

its a chemical substance that travels actoss the synapse to signal the action potential to continue into the other neuron.
they can be excitatory or inhibitory

Question 12

whats the difference between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters

Answer 12

excitatory causes an influx of sodium which promotes an action potential.
inhibitory causes efflux of potassium, which prevents the firing of the action potential.

Question 13

what does the GABA neurotransmitter do (what kinds of things does it regulate)

Answer 13

its inhibitory, contributes to motor control, vision and regulates anxiety

Question 14

what does dopamine (neurotransmitter) do

Answer 14

controls movement and posture, regulates mood

Question 15

what does acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) do

Answer 15

excitatory nt that triggers muscle contraction and stimulates the secretion of hormones. affects alertness, anger, focus, aggression, sexuality and thirst.
(the “go” neurotransmitter)

Question 16

what does norepinephrine do

Answer 16

a nt that is important for attentiveness, sleeping, dreaming, and learning. Also released as a hormone and affects blood vessel constriction and increased heart rate

Question 17

whats the difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 18

what does serotonin do

Answer 18

regulates body temperature, sleep, mood, appetite, and pain.

Question 19

describe the neuromuscular motor pathway

Answer 19

motor cortex, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction, muscle fibre.

Question 20

when in the motor pathway do upper motor neurons switch to lower motor neurons

Answer 20

when it gets to the peripheral nerves

Question 21

how does a signal generate from brain to muscle fibre

Answer 21

the motor pathway lol

Question 22

which area of the brain is responsible for movement (captain of the ship)

Answer 22

the motor cortex

Question 23

which two parts of the brain help the motor cortex

Answer 23

basal ganglia and cerebellum

Question 24

which part of the brain initiates and regulates body movements

Answer 24

the basal ganglia

Question 25

which part of the brain regulates details of motor control, balance, smoothness, and coordination

Answer 25

cerebellum

Question 26

which part of the brain is affected with Parkinson's

Answer 26

basal ganglia because its initiates all body movements

Question 27

what is the analogy we use for the spinal chord

Answer 27

a massive information highway between the brain and the rest of the body

Question 28

whats the difference between the ascending and descending pathway

Answer 28

ascending pathway: signals to brain descending: signals to muscles

Question 29

what are afferent vs efferent nerves

Answer 29

afferent: sensory spinal nerves efferent: motor spinal nerves

Question 30

what is the purpose of spinal/peripheral nerves

Answer 30

allow brain to stay connected to peripheral parts of the body, banishes out to muscles and organs all over the body. this is how the body reacts to environmental stimuli

Question 31

whats the difference between pyramidal and extrapyramidal neurons

Answer 31

pyramidal: efferent neurons carry impulses for voluntary muscle movements, whereas extrapyramidal: efferent neurons that carry impulses for involuntary movement

Question 32

what happens at the neuromuscular junction

Answer 32

neurotransmitter are released on to the muscle fibre to trigger a nerve impulse/muscle contraciton

Question 33

what is the path behind MS

Answer 33

it is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder. it damages the myelin sheath. this affects the neurons of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve.

Question 34

how does MS cause sensory, motor and cognitive deficits

Answer 34

impulses are disrupted from scarring in demyelination that blocks movement of signals

Question 35

what are the risk factors of MS

Answer 35

females, being on colder climates (associated with a vitamin D deficiency), being 30 (average age of onset), and it can be inherited genetically

Question 36

what are some precipitating factors that can lead to exacerbation of MS

Answer 36

infection, trauma, pregnancy, stress, fatigue, poor health, recent surgery

Question 37

how can you determine the clinical manifestations of MS

Answer 37

it depends on where the damage to the myelin sheath is and how quickly individuals start treatment

Question 38

what are the overall symptoms of MS

Answer 38

general weakness, limb paralysis, slowed speech and chewing.

Question 39

what type of disorder is MS

Answer 39

autoimmune, chronic, and inflammatory

Question 40

what are some serious complications of MS and why do they occur

Answer 40

Paralysis can lead to bedsores. Bladder problems may cause repeated urinary tract infections. Inactivity can result in weakness, poor posture muscle imbalances, decreased bone density, and breathing problems.

Question 41

what type of disease is Parkinson's

Answer 41

it is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the CNS

Question 42

what are the risk factors for developing Parkinson's disease

Answer 42

more common in men 60 is the average age of diagnosis antipsychotic meds illicit drug use dementia exposure to chemicals

Question 43

what is the patho behind Parkinson's

Answer 43

dopamine producing neuron's in ten substantia nigra are destroyed. dopamine is the inhibitory neurotransmitter which means less inhibition of overall muscle movement

Question 44

list 3 classic clinical manifestations of PD

Answer 44

tremor (from too much acetylcholine) rigidity (from increased resistance to passive motion) bradykinesia (loss of automatic movements, slowness of movement)

Question 45

which motor system is affected with Parkinson's disease

Answer 45

the extrapyramidal motor function.

Question 46

how does Parkinson's disease affect the brain and movement

Answer 46

the brain needs a good balance of acetylcholine and dopamine to produce proper motor function. If dopamine is lost, there is no inhibition of motor function.

Question 47

which areas of the brain are effected with PD

Answer 47

the substantia nigra and midbrain

Question 48

what are the 5 stages of Parkinson's

Answer 48

1. initial stage (unilateral limb movement, minimal weakness, hand trembling) 2. midstage (bilateral limb involvement, mask like face, slow shuffling gait) 3. moderate stage (postural instability, increased gait disturbances) 4. severe disability (akinesia, rigidity) 5. complete ADL dependence

Question 49

what are the 6 complications of neuromuscular disorders

Answer 49

aspiration, pneumonia, UTI, pressure sores, malnourishment, falls

Question 50

what are dermatones

Answer 50

area of the skin innervated by sensory fibres of a dorsal route (sensory nerves)

Question 51

what are myotomes

Answer 51

muscle group innervated by motor neurons of a ventral route (movement) muscle equivaent of a dermatome

Question 52

what are the functions of the vertebral column

Answer 52

protects the spinal cord, supports head, provides flexibility

Question 53

what is the order of the vertebrae from top to bottom

Answer 53

7cervical 12thoracic 5lumbar 5sacral 4coccygeal

Question 54

where are the cervical vertebrae located

Answer 54

in the neck

Question 55

where are the thoracic vertebrae located

Answer 55

upper back

Question 56

where are the lumbar vertebrae located

Answer 56

lower back

Question 57

where are the sacral and coccyx vertebrae located

Answer 57

bum (coccyx is the tailbone area)

Question 58

how would you classify a spinal cord injury

Answer 58

- mechanism of injury - level of injury - deficity - completeness/degree

Question 59

where is the vertebral damage causing tetraplegia

Answer 59

C8 and above

Question 60

where is the damage causing paraplegia

Answer 60

T1-T6

Question 61

which vertebrae damage causes total loss of respiratory function

Answer 61

above C4

Question 62

which vertebrae landmark causes CV changes like bradycardia and hypotension

Answer 62

above T6

Question 63

if the injury is in C4 where would it be located on the body

Answer 63

middle of the neck

Question 64

if the injury is in T6 where would it be located on the body

Answer 64

upper back

Question 65

what is the skeletal level of spinal cord injury

Question 66

what is peripheral neuropathy

Answer 66

damage through destruction/inflammation to peripheral nerves - causes abnormal processing of sensory input

Question 67

whats the difference between mononeuropathy and polyneuropathy

Answer 67

mono: damage to a single nerve, poly: systemic/multiple nerves

Question 68

what are some common causes for peripheral neuropathy

Answer 68

diabetes, hypothyroidism, vitamin deficiencies, MS, Lyme disease, shingles.

Question 69

what are some life threatening causes of peripheral neuropathy

Answer 69

gillian barret: viral infection that begins in peripheral nerves botulism: neurotoxin exposure tetanus: neurotoxin exposure

Question 70

what are some autonomic clinical manifestations

Answer 70

bowel, bladder, and digestive dysfunction heat intolerance hypotension