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Flashcards in GI: The abdominal wall Deck (17)
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1
Q

What are the muscles of the abdo wall from superficial to deep?

A

Rectus abdominis - split in 2 by the linea alba and the edges form linea semilunaris. Has tendinous intersections that make the ‘6 pack’
External oblique - from ribs to aponeurosis
Internal oblique - from iliac crest to aponeurosis
Transversalis abdominis - from transverse process to aponeurosis

2
Q

What is the arcuate/douglas’ line?

A

A horizontal line 1/3 of the distance from the umbilicus to the pubic symphysis.
Above the arcuate line the rectus abdominis is totally surrounded by aponeurosis
Below the arcuate line only the anterior of the rectus abdominis is covered by fascial sheathWh

3
Q

What are some causes of periumbilical bruising?

A
  • ruptured ectopic pregnancy
  • blunt abdo trauma
  • pancreatitis
  • rectus sheath haematoma (increased risk if pt on warfarin, very painful due to swelling against tight sheath)
4
Q

Where do you make the incision for an appendicectomy?

A

2/3rds of the distance between the umbilicus and anterior superior iliac spine

5
Q

What is the consequence of a patent urachus?

A

Get urine leakage out of the umbilicus
Can present at birth or later in life - if men develop bladder outflow obstruction eg hypertrophic prostate the urine gets forced back up

6
Q

What is Meckels diverticulum?

A

A bulge from the small intestine
A memory aid is the rule of 2s:

2% (of the population)
2 feet (proximal to the ileocecal valve)
2 inches (in length)
2 types of common ectopic tissue (gastric and pancreatic)
2 years is the most common age at clinical presentation

7
Q

What is the difference between omphalocele and gastroschisis?

A

Omphalocele is an umbilical defect where there is a bulge of the bowel protruding out of the umbilicus. The bowel is covered in peritoneum and the condition is relatively easy to treat.
Gastroschisis is a defect in the abdo wall to the right of the umbilicus. The abdo contents such as the bowel and liver protrude out. They are not covered by peritoneum so susceptible to sepsis and necrosis. Much more serious

8
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Pain is perceived at a site distant from the site causing the pain. Occurs because pain is caused to the proximal part of a somatic nerve but perceived by the brain to be in the distal dermatome.

9
Q

What causes visceral pain? (generally)

A

Ischaemia, abnormally strong muscle contraction, inflammation stretch
The following DO NOT cause visceral pain - touch, burning, cutting, crushing

10
Q

Where is foregut, midgut and hindgut pain?

A

Foregut pain - epigastric region
Midgut pain - periumbilical region
Hindgut pain - suprapubic

11
Q

What structures are the foregut, midgut and hindgut?

A

Foregut: lower oesophagus to the 2nd part of the duodenum
Midgut: last part of the duodenum to 2/3 the way along the transverse colon
Hindgut: distal 1/3 transverse colon to rectum

12
Q

Where is acute appendicitis pain located?

A

Early stage of appendicitis causes poorly localised pain in the periumbilical region
Then when it begins to irritate the peritoneum the pain localises to the right iliac region

13
Q

Where are the common sites of referred cardiac pain?

A

Corners of mouth, left ear, neck, central chest, epigastric region, mainly left but sometimes right arm

14
Q

What are the common sites of gall bladder pain?

A

Epigastric, actual location of gall bladder or on the back under right scapula

15
Q
Describe these common abdominal incisions:
Median
Paramedian
Transverse
Suprapubic
Subcostal
McBurney
A

Median: an incision straight down the linea alba, curving around the umbilicus
Paramedian: Lateral to linea alba, provides access to kidney, spleen, adrenals
Transverse: lateral to umbilicus, used for colon, duodenum and pancreas
Suprapubic: 5cm above pubic symphysis, used for C sections
Subcostal: inferior to xiphoid process, used for gall bladder and spleen
McBurney: 2 perpendicular lines to split the fibres, used for appendectomies

16
Q

List the 9 regions of the abdomen

A

Right hypochondrium, epigastric, left hypochondrium
Right flank, umbilical, left flank
Right groin, pubic, left groin

17
Q

What are the lines that create the 9 abdominal regions?

A

Two vertical lines at the linea semilunaris
Two horizontal lines: the transpyloric plane is half way between the xiphoid process and the umbilicus
The intertubercular plane joins the iliac crests

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