Gymnosperms

Question 1

Seed

Answer 1

consists of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

Question 2

what is the protective coat of a seed called

Answer 2

Integument

Question 3

what does the Integument do

Answer 3

contains food supply for embryo

Question 4

What is common to seed plants

Answer 4

reduced gametophytes
heterospory
Ovules
pollen

Question 5

where do the gametophytes of the seed plants develop

Answer 5

within the walls of spores that are retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte

Question 6

What are the two kinds of gametophytes

Answer 6

Male gametophytes

Female gametophytes

Question 7

Male gametophytes

Answer 7

Pollen grains
dispersed by wind, water, or pollinator
No need for water

Question 8

Female Gametophytes

Answer 8

Develop within an ovule
Enclosed within diploid sporophyte tissue in angiosperms
Ovule and protective tissue are the ovary
The ovary develops into fruit

Question 9

The ancestors of seed plants were

Answer 9

homosporous

Question 10

Seed plants are

Answer 10

heterosporous

Question 11

Megasporangia

Answer 11

produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes

Question 12

Microsporangia

Answer 12

produces microspores that give rise to male gametophytes

Question 13

Ovule

Answer 13

consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments

Question 14

How many integuments do gymnosperm megaspores have

Answer 14

One

Question 15

How many integuments do angiosperm megaspores have

Answer 15

two

Question 16

Megasporangium in females

Answer 16

diploid tissue where haploid megaspore is formed (meiosis)

Question 17

Microspores in females

Answer 17

haploid cell that grows into the female gametophyte, including the egg nucleus

Question 18

Microsporangium in Males

Answer 18

diploid tissue where haploid microspores are formed (meiosis).

Question 19

Microspores in Males

Answer 19

develop into male gametophyte

Question 20

Pollen in Males

Answer 20

contains the male gametophyte within the tough pollen wall

Question 21

Process of Gymnosperm fertilization

Answer 21

1. Pollen released into air, spread for miles
2. Pollen grain reaches ovule and germinates
3. Pollen tube grows, digesting through megasporangium
4. Pollen tube reaches egg nucleus, discharges sperm nucleus into egg nucleus of female gametophyte

Question 22

Pollen grains

Answer 22

Microspores develop into pollen grains, which contain the male gametophytes

Question 23

Pollination

Answer 23

the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

Question 24

What does pollen do

Answer 24

eliminates the need for a film of water and can be dispersed great distances by air or animals

Question 25

What happens if a pollen grain germinates

Answer 25

it gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule

Question 26

Where does a seed develop from

Answer 26

the whole ovule

Question 27

A seed is a ____

Answer 27

sporophyte embryo, along with its food supply, packaged in a protective coat

Question 28

Evolutionary advantages of seeds over spores

Answer 28

1. May be dormant for years, until conditions are favorable for germination 2. May be transported long distances by wind or animals

Question 29

Phylum Cycadophyta

Answer 29

- large cones and palm like leaves - Mesozoic, relatively few today - 300 alive today - rare plant collectors are willing to steal - largest sperm of all organisms

Question 30

Phylum Ginkgophyta

Answer 30

- consists of a single species, Ginkgo biloba - has high tolerance to air pollution - dioecious - leaves remain little changed for 270 million years

Question 31

Dioecious

Answer 31

Male and female structures on different trees

Question 32

Phylum Gnetophyta

Answer 32

- compromises three genera | - species vary in appearance, and some are tropical whereas others live in deserts

Question 33

Three genera of gnetophyta

Answer 33

Gnetum Ephedra Welwitschia

Question 34

Phylum Coniferophyta

Answer 34

- Largest of the gymnosperm phyla | - Most are evergreens and can carry out photosynthesis year round