Plant Structure

Question 1

Three main organs of plants

Answer 1

roots, leaves, and stems

Question 2

What do roots do

Answer 2

supply water and minerals to the plant

Question 3

What do leaves do

Answer 3

supply sugars to the plant

Question 4

What do stems do

Answer 4

supply support and structure and transport systems

Question 5

Function of roots

Answer 5

Anchoring the plant
Absorbing minerals and water
storing organic nutrients

Question 6

here does absorption of water and minerals occur in most plants

Answer 6

root hairs

Question 7

Types of Roots

Answer 7

Taproot systems
Adventitious roots
Fibrous roots

Question 8

Taproot system

Answer 8

one main vertical root

lateral roots, or branch roots

Question 9

Adventitious roots

Answer 9

can arise from stems or leaves

Question 10

Fibrous roots

Answer 10

seedless vascular plants and monocots

thin lateral roots with no main root

Question 11

Modified roots

Answer 11

prop roots
strangling roots
Pneumatophores
Buttress roots
Storage root
Haustorial roots
Climbing root

Question 12

Prop roots

Answer 12

Aerial roots

Add structural support

Question 13

Strangling roots

Answer 13

Grow around objects supporting the plant
Strangler figs
- epiphytes

Question 14

Pneumatophores

Answer 14

Roots that rise up in the air
Pores allow gas exchange
Mangroves

Question 15

Buttress roots

Answer 15

support large trees

Question 16

Storage root

Answer 16

tap root

lateral root

Question 17

Haustorial roots

Answer 17

Parasitic plants (mistletoe, dodder, snow plants)
Absorb water and nutrients from other plants

Question 18

Climbing root

Answer 18

Adventitious root
Supports climbing plants
Negatively phototrophic
(Ivies)

Question 19

What does a stem consist of

Answer 19

an alternating system of nodes, and internodes

Question 20

Nodes

Answer 20

the points at which leaves are attached

Question 21

Internodes

Answer 21

the stem segments between nodes

Question 22

Axillary bud

Answer 22

can form a lateral shoot, or branch

Question 23

Apical bud or terminal bud

Answer 23

located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot

Question 24

Apical dominance

Answer 24

dormancy in most non-apical buds

Question 25

Modifies stems

Answer 25

``` corm Rhizome Cladophylls Stolon Bulbs ```

Question 26

Corm

Answer 26

Short, underground storage stem | Taro, Gladiolus, Saffron

Question 27

Rhizome

Answer 27

Horizontal stem Usually underground Sends out roots, shoots (Ginger, poison oak, bermuda grass)

Question 28

Cladophylls

Answer 28

Flattened photosynthetic stems resembling leaves

Question 29

Stolon

Answer 29

``` Horizontal stem At the ground surface or just underground Adventitious roots Produces clone at the end of the stem (strawberry, many grasses) ```

Question 30

Bulbs

Answer 30

Underground stems Modified leaves - storage when dormant (garlic, onion)

Question 31

What do leaves consist of

Answer 31

flattened blade and a stalk called the petiole, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem

Question 32

Modified leaves

Answer 32

Bracts Tendrils Storage leaves

Question 33

Bracts

Answer 33

Associated with the reproductive structure Often brightly colored (Bougainvillea, Poinsettia)

Question 34

Tendrils

Answer 34

``` Used for attaching for climbing Can photosynthesize Can be thigmotropic (pea plant) In other plants, tendrils derive from stems ```

Question 35

Storage leaves

Answer 35

can store water nutrients toxins succulents (ice plants, agave)

Question 36

Defense mechanisms

Answer 36

spines, thorns, prickles

Question 37

spines

Answer 37

Modified leaves used for defense common in xerophytes

Question 38

thorns

Answer 38

modified stems

Question 39

prickles

Answer 39

modified epidermis | Roses are an example

Question 40

Types of plant tissues

Answer 40

dermal ground vascular

Question 41

Dermal tissue system

Answer 41

epidermis cuticle periderm Trichomes

Question 42

Epidermis

Answer 42

In non-woody plants | one cell layer thick

Question 43

Cuticle

Answer 43

waxy coating | help prevent water loss from the epidermis

Question 44

Periderm

Answer 44

in woody plants protective tissues replaces the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots

Question 45

Trichomes

Answer 45

are outgrowths of the shoot epidermis and can help with insect defense

Question 46

Vascular tissue system

Answer 46

carries out long-distance transport of material between roots and shoots

Question 47

Two vascular tissues

Answer 47

Xylem and Phloem

Question 48

Xylem

Answer 48

conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots

Question 49

Phloem

Answer 49

transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed

Question 50

Stele

Answer 50

the vascular tissue of a stem or root

Question 51

What is the stele of the root in angiosperms

Answer 51

a solid central vascular cylinder

Question 52

vascular bundles

Answer 52

strands of xylem and phloem. The stele of stems and leaves is divided into vascular bundles

Question 53

Ground Tissue system

Answer 53

tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular. | Includes cells specialized for storage, photosynthesis, and support

Question 54

Pith

Answer 54

Ground tissue internal to the vascular system

Question 55

Cortex

Answer 55

ground tissue external to the vascular tissue.