Exam 1

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

The change in allele frequencies in a population over time

Question 2

selection

Answer 2

Change in allele frequencies due to organisms with advantageous alleles reproducing more successfully than organisms with other alleles

Question 3

Genetic Drift

Answer 3

Random changes in allele frequencies in a population

Question 4

Mutation

Answer 4

The source of a new allelic diversity

Question 5

Migration

Answer 5

Movement of alleles between populations

Question 6

Adaptation

Answer 6

A trait that evolves by selection for a particular function (because it increases fitness) from an ancestor that did not have that trait.

Question 7

Phylogeny

Answer 7

the evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms (species level and higher)

Question 8

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 8

diagram of ancestral relationships among species . Describes patterns and provides information about when large events occurred.

Question 9

Taxonomy

Answer 9

Ordered division and naming of organisms

Question 10

Taxon

Answer 10

A taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy

Question 11

Character

Answer 11

Evidence used to construct a tree (morphological, behavior, chemical composition, chromosome number, DNA)

Question 12

Character state

Answer 12

Variation among characters

Question 13

Branch point

Answer 13

divergence of two species

Question 14

Sister taxa

Answer 14

groups that share an immediate common ancestor

Question 15

Rooted tree

Answer 15

Includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

Question 16

Polytomy

Answer 16

A branch from which more than two groups emerge

Question 17

Monophyletic Clade

Answer 17

Ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 18

Paraphyletic Clade

Answer 18

Ancestor and not all of its descendants (one or more is cut off)

Question 19

Polyphyletic Clades

Answer 19

two or more animals, and not their ancestor.

Question 20

Systematics

Answer 20

The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 21

Outgroup

Answer 21

A group of species that is closely related to, but not a member of, the group under study

Question 22

Classification

Answer 22

Uses information from systematics to place organisms into taxonomic groups

Question 23

Population

Answer 23

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area

Question 24

Population Ecology

Answer 24

Focuses on the factors affecting how many individuals of a species live in an area (mathematically based)

Question 25

Community

Answer 25

a group of interacting populations of different species in an area

Question 26

Community ecology

Answer 26

Deals with the whole array of interacting species in a community

Question 27

Symbiosis

Answer 27

Long, close relationship between two species. Can be mutualistic (positive, positive), commensal (positive, neutral), or parasitic (positive, negative)

Question 28

Parasitism

Answer 28

Receiving resources from a host without directly killing the host

Question 29

Ecosystem Ecology

Answer 29

emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components

Question 30

Ecosystem

Answer 30

the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact

Question 31

Dispersal

Answer 31

The movement of individuals

Question 32

What makes an animal?

Answer 32

Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic, Tissues developed from embryonic layers.

Question 33

Zygote

Answer 33

Single cell from fertilization

Question 34

Blastula

Answer 34

Hollow ball of cells formed by cleavage

Question 35

Gastrula

Answer 35

Embryo has one end fold inward and layers of tissues form

Question 36

Gastrulation

Answer 36

Folding of embryo into layers

Question 37

Ectoderm

Answer 37

covers the surface and becomes the outer covering and in some phyla the central nervous system

Question 38

Endoderm

Answer 38

innermost germ layer that lines the digestive tract and organs such as the lungs and liver in vertebrates

Question 39

Mesoderm

Answer 39

the third layer (between the other two) forming muscles and most other organs. (Not all animals have mesoderm)

Question 40

Bilateral Symmetry

Answer 40

two-sided symmetry. Dividing plane is sagittal plane, dorsal (top) side and ventral (bottom) side. Right and left side Anterior (head) and posterior (tail) ends

Question 41

Cephalization

Answer 41

The development of a head

Question 42

Diploblastic

Answer 42

having only 2 germ layers, radial organisms

Question 43

Triploblastic

Answer 43

Having 3 germ layers, common to all bilaterally symmetric animals

Question 44

Coelem

Answer 44

fluid or air filled space separating digestive tract from outer body wall

Question 45

True coelem

Answer 45

formed from mesoderm

Question 46

Coelemates

Answer 46

animals with a true coelem

Question 47

pseudocoelomate

Answer 47

if the coelom is formed from both ends and mesoderm tisse

Question 48

aceolomate

Answer 48

Of a triploblast lacks a body cavity

Question 49

Protostome

Answer 49

``` (first mouth) development spiral cleavage deterministic cleavage cells are rigidly cast early in development mesoderm cells split then for coelom blastopore becomes the mouth ```

Question 50

Deuterostome

Answer 50

``` (second mouth) development Radial cleavage indeterminate cleavage If very early embryo's cells are removed they will produce complete individual Blastopore becomes anus ```

Question 51

Tissues

Answer 51

collections of specialized cells isolated by membranous layers arise from germ layers

Question 52

Neoproterozoic Era

Answer 52

(1 BYA - 542 MYA) | Ediacaran Biota

Question 53

Paleozoic Era (542 - 251 MYA)

Answer 53

Cambrian Explosion | First fossils of arthropods, chordates, and echinoderms

Question 54

Mesozoic Era

Answer 54

(251 - 65.5 MYA) | Dinosaurs and other animals

Question 55

Cenozoic Era

Answer 55

(65.5 MYA - Today)

Question 56

Order of Animal History Eras

Answer 56

Neoproterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic