Digestive system

Question 1

herbivores

Answer 1

eat mainly autotrophs

Question 2

Carnivores

Answer 2

eat other animals

Question 3

Omnivores

Answer 3

Regularly consume animals as well as plants or algal matter

Question 4

Detritivores

Answer 4

regularly consume dead organic matter

Question 5

Extracellular digestion

Answer 5

the breakdown of food particles outside of cells

Question 6

Intracellular digestion

Answer 6

food particles are engulfed by endocytosis and digested within food vacuoles (sponges and single-celled species)

Question 7

Four classes of essential nutrients

Answer 7

Essential amino acids
Essential fatty acids
vitamins
minerals

Question 8

how many amino acids do animals require

Answer 8

20

can synthesize about half from molecules in their diet

Question 9

essential amino acids

Answer 9

must be obtained from food in preassembled form (humans need 9)

Question 10

Insufficient essential amino acids causes

Answer 10

malnutrition called protein deficiency

Question 11

Essential fatty acids

Answer 11

certain unsaturated fatty acids that must be obtained from diet
deficiencies are rare

Question 12

Vitamins

Answer 12

organic molecules required in the diet in small amounts

Question 13

How many vitamins have been identified that are essential to humans

Answer 13

13

Question 14

Two categories of vitamins

Answer 14

fat soluble and water soluble

Question 15

Too much water-soluble vitamins

Answer 15

removed in the urine (unless very high quantities)

Question 16

Where are fat soluble vitamins stored

Answer 16

In the liver and fatty tissues

can be toxic in large quantities

Question 17

Minerals

Answer 17

simple inorganic nutrients, usually requited in small amounts

Question 18

Potassium

Answer 18

Mineral

necessary for pH balance, water balance, and nerve function

Question 19

Fluorine

Answer 19

Mineral

necessary for tooth and bone health

Question 20

Digestion

Answer 20

the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb

Question 21

Enzymatic hydrolysis

Answer 21

chemical digestion

splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water

Question 22

Absorption

Answer 22

uptake of nutrients by body cells

Question 23

Elimination

Answer 23

the passage of undigested material out of the digestive compartment

Question 24

Path of digestion

Answer 24

begins in the mouth, continues through the stomach and small intestine

Question 25

Where does absorption occur

Answer 25

mainly in the small intestine

Question 26

where does elimination occur

Answer 26

the rectum, waste leaves through anus

Question 27

The first stage of digestion is

Answer 27

mechanical

Question 28

salivary glands

Answer 28

deliver saliva to lubricate food.

Question 29

salivary amylase

Answer 29

initiates breakdown of glucose polymers

Question 30

Tongue's role in digestion

Answer 30

shapes food into a bolus and provides help with swallowing

Question 31

pharynx

Answer 31

The region we call our throat | a junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea

Question 32

Peristalsis

Answer 32

rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal that help move food

Question 33

sphincters

Answer 33

valves that regulate the movement of material between compartments

Question 34

The stomach

Answer 34

stores food and secretes gastric juice, which converts a meal to acid chyme

Question 35

gastric juice

Answer 35

converts a meal to acid chyme

Question 36

Mucus

Answer 36

protects the stomach lining from gastric juice

Question 37

How often are cells renewed in the stomach lining

Answer 37

Every 3 days

Question 38

Bacterium Helicobacter pylori

Answer 38

causes gastric ulcers (lesions in the lining)

Question 39

What is gastric juice made of

Answer 39

hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin

Question 40

Enzyme pepsin

Answer 40

digests proteins

Question 41

Parietal cells

Answer 41

secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately

Question 42

Chief cells

Answer 42

secrete inactive pepsinogen, which is activated to pepsin when mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomic

Question 43

Pepsinogen

Answer 43

activated to pepsin when mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Question 44

Pancreas

Answer 44

produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin, protein-digesting enzymes that are activated after entering the duodenum

Question 45

How does the small intestine help digestion

Answer 45

bile aids in the digestion and absorption of fat | the major organ of digestion and absorption

Question 46

where is bile made

Answer 46

the liver

Question 47

where is bile stored

Answer 47

the gallbladder

Question 48

what is the longest section of the alimentary canal

Answer 48

the small intestine

Question 49

What is the small intestine composed of

Answer 49

duodenum, jejunum, and the ilium

Question 50

what is the colon of the large intestine connected to

Answer 50

the small intestine

Question 51

Cecum

Answer 51

In the large intestine | aids in the fermentation of plant material and connects where the small and large intestines meet

Question 52

appendix

Answer 52

extension of the human cecum, plays a minor role in immunity