Bacteria and Archaea

Question 1

What kind of group are Prokaryotes?

Answer 1

non-monophylitic

Question 2

Four postulates that prove a casual relationship between a microorganism and a disease

Answer 2

1. The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease and absent from healthy individuals.
2. The putative causative agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
3. The same disease must result when the cultured microorganism is used to infect a healthy host.
4. The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host.

Question 3

What does Gut bacteria do?

Answer 3

Affect obesity (shown in mice)
Sexual behavior (shown in flies)
Affect stress, depression (shown in mice)
May affect OCD (in humans)

Question 4

Bacteria mutualism with humans

Answer 4

direct inhibition of pathogens
Digestive processes
Development of the immune system
Antibiotics can harm your mutualists
Facilitate absorption of minerals
Synthesize certain vitamins

Question 5

Digestive processes

Answer 5

Short chain fatty acids from bacterial fermentation

Metabolize drugs

Question 6

Development of the immune system

Answer 6

Fine control of cytokines (inflammatory response)

Question 7

Three most common shapes of bacteria

Answer 7

spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), and spirals

Question 8

Gram positive bacteria

Answer 8

Thick, complex network of peptidoglycan

Also contains lipoteichoic and teichoic acid

Question 9

Gram negative bacteria

Answer 9

thin layer of peptidoglycan

Second outer membrane with lipopolysaccharide

Question 10

Both Eukaryotes and Archaea contain ______ and ______ but lack _______

Answer 10

Polysaccharides, proteins, peptidoglycan

Question 11

Gram stain

Answer 11

used to make bacteria visible

classifies many bacterial species

Question 12

Characteristics of gram-negative bacteria

Answer 12

have less peptidoglycan
Have outer membrane
more likely to be antibiotic resistant

Question 13

fimbriae (attachment pili)

Answer 13

allow some bacteria to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony

Question 14

Flagella

Answer 14

allows for taxis - the ability to move in response to stimuli

Question 15

what is flagella composed of

Answer 15

the protein flagellin

Question 16

Both bacteria and archaea cells usually lack complex __________

Answer 16

Compartmentalization.

Question 17

Membranes in bacteria and archaea that perform metabolic funtions

Answer 17

Respiratory membranes in aerobic bacteria

Thylakoid membranes in photosynthetic bacteria

Question 18

What kind of chromosome does the genome have

Answer 18

circular

Question 19

plasmids

Answer 19

smaller rings of DNA that some species of bacteria have

Question 20

where is the bacterial genome located

Answer 20

the nucleoid region

Question 21

what kind of bacterial genome do bacteria have

Answer 21

a ring of DNA that is not surrounded by a membrane

Question 22

Endospores

Answer 22

Internal to the bacterium
resistant to heat, UV radiation, desiccation, alcohol, and chemicals
Can survive for extended periods of time
Bacteria causing tetanus, botulism, and anthrax

Question 23

Exospores

Answer 23

formed differently

Less robust

Question 24

How do bacteria reproduce

Answer 24

binary fission, can divide every 1-3 hours

Question 25

What causes variation in offspring

Answer 25

Mutations

Question 26

Factors that contribute to genetic variation

Answer 26

Rapid reproduction Mutation Genetic recombination

Question 27

How can DNA from different individuals be brought together

Answer 27

Transformation, transduction, conjugation

Question 28

transformation

Answer 28

a bacterial cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment in a process called transformation

Question 29

Transduction

Answer 29

the movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria)

Question 30

Bacteria that can transform are

Answer 30

competent

Question 31

Generalized transduction

Answer 31

virtually any gene can be transferred occurs via accidents in the lytic cycle viruses package bacterial DNA and transfer it in a subsequent infection

Question 32

Specialized transduction

Answer 32

Occurs via accidents in the lysogenic cycle Imprecise excision of prophage DNA The phage carry both phage genes and chromosomal genes

Question 33

Conjugation

Answer 33

the process where genetic material is transferred between bacterial cells

Question 34

Sex pili

Answer 34

allow cells to connect and pull together for DNA transfer

Question 35

F factor

Answer 35

a piece of DNA that is required for the production of sex pili

Question 36

where can the F factor exist

Answer 36

a separate plasmid or as DNA within the bacterial chromosome

Question 37

What is the process of the F plasmid transfer

Answer 37

F+ cell produces F plus that connects it to F- cell Transfer of F plasmid occurs through conjugation bridge F plasmid copied through rolling circle replication The end result is two F+ cells

Question 38

R plasmids

Answer 38

carry genes for antibiotic resistance

Question 39

Reasons for antibiotic resistance

Answer 39

Agricultural uses Patients demanding for antibiotics for nonbacterial infections Antibiotic products Lateral gene transfer allows multiple resistance

Question 40

Phototrophs

Answer 40

obtain energy from lifht

Question 41

Chemotrophs

Answer 41

obtain energy from chemicals

Question 42

Autotrophs

Answer 42

require CO2 as a carbon source

Question 43

Heterotrophs

Answer 43

require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds

Question 44

Obligate aerobes

Answer 44

require O2 for cellular respiration

Question 45

Obligate anaerobes

Answer 45

poisoned by O2 and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Question 46

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 46

can survive with or without O2

Question 47

Notrogen fixation

Answer 47

some bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3).

Question 48

Proteobacteria

Answer 48

gram-negative, include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs. Some are anaerobic and others are aerobic

Question 49

Subgroup: Alpha Proteobacteria

Answer 49

closely associated with eukaryotic hosts | mitochondria evolved from aerobic alpha proteobacteria through endosymbiosis

Question 50

Subgroup: Gamma Proteobacteria

Answer 50

include sulfur bacteria such as chromatic and pathogens such as Legionella, salmonella, and vibrio cholera

Question 51

Subgroup: Epsilon Proteobacteria

Answer 51

contains many pathogens including Campylobacter, which causes blood poisoning and Helicobacter pylori, which causes stomach ulcers

Question 52

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Answer 52

Include: Actinobacteria - decompose soil Bacillus anthraces - the cause of anthrax Clostridium botulinum - the cause of botulism Some staphylococcus and streptococcus - can be pathogenic Mycoplasms - smallert known cells Streptomyces - the source of many antibiotics

Question 53

Pathogens

Answer 53

Parasites that cause disease

Question 54

Benefits of bacteria

Answer 54

``` Fermentation Waste Management Toxic spill cleanup Genetic Engineering Antibiotics ```

Question 55

Archaea

Answer 55

share certain traits with bacteria and other traits with eukaryotes

Question 56

extremophiles

Answer 56

live in extreme environments

Question 57

Extreme halophiles

Answer 57

live in highly saline environments

Question 58

Extreme thermophiles

Answer 58

thrive in very hot environments

Question 59

Methanogens

Answer 59

live in swamps and marshes and produce methane as a waste product Methanogens are strict anaerobes and are poisoned by O2

Question 60

Archaea and humans

Answer 60

produce methanols in the digestive tract found in mouth and can influence tooth health Many found in intestine