Endocrine System Flashcards by Piper Dumont

Hormones

Chemical signals secreted into circulatory system that communicate regulatory messages

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What cells respond to hormones

target cells

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Exogenous chemicals

interfere with hormone signaling.

Insecticides, herbicides, dyes, plastics, detergents

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How do hormones work

Chemical signals bind to receptor proteins on target cells.

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Exocrine glands

Have ducts and secrete substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities.
(tear ducts, sweat glands, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, mammary glands, stomach)

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Local regulators

chemical signals that travel over short distances by diffusion

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What do local regulators help regulate

blood pressure, nervous system function, and reproduction.

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Paracrine signals

act on cells near secreting cell

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Autocrine signals

act on secreting cell itself

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Pheromones

chemical signals that are released from the body and used to communicate with other individuals in the species

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Three major classes of molecules that function as hormones in vertebrates

Polypeptides
amines
steroid hormones

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Lipophilic hormones (steroid hormones)

pass through cell membrane

travel in bloodstream bound to transport proteins and diffuse through membrane of target cells

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Hydrophilic hormones

do not pass easily through membrane

secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in bloodstream, bind to cell-surface receptors

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Binding of a hormone to its receptor initiates a ___

Signal transduction pathway which leads to responses in the cytoplasm, enzyme activation, or a change in gene expression

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Where is vitamin D formed

In the skin of vertebrates

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Where is Vitamin D transported

to the liver

converted to physiological active form

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What does vitamin D regulate

calcium and phosphate in the blood
cell proliferation and apoptosis
Neuromuscular function

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Gland hyposecretion

To little hormone

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Gland hypersecretion

too much hormone

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Pineal Gland

Melatonin

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Pancreas gland

insulin/glucagon

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Adrenal Medulla gland

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

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Adrenal cortex gland

Glucocorticoids and Aldosterone

Parathyroid gland

Parathyroid hormone

Thyroid gland

Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, Calcitonin

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Prolactin, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, MSH, Growth Hormone

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Oxytocin, ADH

Negative feedback loop

inhibits a response by reducing initial stimulus | Regulates many hormonal pathways

Insulin and glucagon

antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostatis

What produces glucagon and insulin

Pancreas has clusters of endocrine cells called pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhand) with alpha cells that produce glucagon and ceta cells that produce insulin

alpha cells

produce glucagon

beta cells

produce insulin

Insulin

Reduces blood glucose levels

How does insulin reduce blood glucose levels

promotes the cellular uptake of glucose Slows glycogen breakdown in liver Promoting fat storage

Glucagon

increases blood glucose levels

How does glucagon increase blood glucose levels

stimulating conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver | stimulating breakdown of fat and protein into glucose

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent)

The immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent)

Involves insulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells due to change in insulin receptors

What can diabetes lead to

Peripheral neuropathy, wounds, infections, nephropathy, retinopathy

Peripheral neuropathy

diabetes damages the nerves

wounds

diabetes affects circulation, reducing the body's ability to heal when damage occurs

Infections

Diabetes slows the body's response to infections Antibody response is slow in type 1 Poor circulation`

Nephropathy

Kidney disease (affects proteins that are involved in wound healing)

Retinopathy

eye disease/blindness

Oxytocin

induces uterine contractions and the release of milk

How is oxytocin released

suckling sends a message to the hypothalamus via the nervous system to release oxytocin, which further stimulates milk glands

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

enhances water reabsorption in the kidneys

Influence of hormones on insects

influence molting and metamorphosis

How do insects molt

Brain hormone stimulates prothoracic gland to produce ecdysone, or molting hormone high levels cause molting

How does metamorphosis occur

Corpora allata produces juvenile hormone | low levels result in metamorphosis

juvenile hormone

causes metamorphosis in insects

Where are the adrenal glands

adjacent to the kidneys

adrenal medulla

secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

what class of hormones are epinephrine and norepinephrine

catecholamines

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do

Trigger release of glucose and fatty acids into the blood Increase oxygen delivery to body cells Direct blood toward heart, brain, skeletal muscles, and away from skin, digestive system, and kidneys