Respiratory system

Question 1

Diffusion

Answer 1

The difference in concentrations on the two sides of the membranes and the relative solubilities in the membrane

Question 2

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

Answer 2

the rate of diffusion increases with surface area, decrease distance or the increase of the pressure difference

Question 3

Gill filament

Answer 3

Consists of lamellae

Question 4

lamellae

Answer 4

thin membranous plates that project into water flow

water flows past lamellae only

Question 5

Countercurrent flow

Answer 5

within each lamella, blood flows opposite to direction of water movement

Question 6

Benefits of countercurrent flow

Answer 6

maximizes oxygenation of blood

increases pressure difference

Question 7

what are the most efficient of all respiratory organs

Answer 7

fish gills

Question 8

amphibian respiration

Answer 8

many use cutaneous respiration for gas exchange

Question 9

Terrestrial arthropods respiratory structures

Answer 9

air ducts called trachea, which branch into small tracheoles

Question 10

Tracheoles

Answer 10

in direct contact with individual cells

Question 11

Spiracles

Answer 11

Openings in the exoskeleton that can be opened or closed by valves

Question 12

Amphibian Lungs

Answer 12

Positive Pressure Breathing
Air is forced into the lungs
Exhalation is completed by elastic response of the lungs

Question 13

Bird Lungs

Answer 13

Multiple air sacs improve efficiency

Air moves in a single direction over lung surfaces

Question 14

Mammal Lungs

Answer 14

Negative Pressure Breathing

Diaphragm contracts and intercostal muscles expand chest

Question 15

Alveoli

Answer 15

sites of gas exchange in mammalian lungs

Question 16

Path of air in mammalian lungs

Answer 16

passes through larynx, glottis, and trachea. Then bifurcates into right and left bronchi which enter each lung and further subdivide into bronchioles

Question 17

What are alveoli surrounded by

Answer 17

an extensive capillary network

Question 18

Partial pressures

Answer 18

based on the percent of the gas in dry air

Question 19

Partial Pressure of N2 at 1.0 atm

Answer 19

600.6 mmHg

Question 20

Partial Pressure O2 at 1.0 atm

Answer 20

159.2 mmHg

Question 21

Partial Pressure CO2 at 1.0 atm

Answer 21

0.2 mmHg

Question 22

what is the atmospheric pressure at 6000 m

Answer 22

380 mmHg

Question 23

What is gas exchange driven by

Answer 23

differences in partial pressures

Question 24

Blood returning from systemic circulation, depleted in oxygen, has a partial pressure of

Answer 24

40 mm Hg

Question 25

Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli

Answer 25

105 mm Hg

Question 26

Blood leaving the lungs has a partial pressure of

Answer 26

100 mm Hg

Question 27

Outside of each lung is covered by

Answer 27

visceral pleural membrane

Question 28

Inner wall of thoracic cavity is lined with

Answer 28

parietal pleural membrane

Question 29

Pleural cavity

Answer 29

space between parietal and visceral membranes small and filled with fluid causes 2 membranes to adhere Lungs move with thoracic cavity

Question 30

What happens during inhalation

Answer 30

thoracic volume increases through contraction of two muscle sets

Question 31

two muscle sets contracted during inhalation

Answer 31

external intercostal and diaphragm

Question 32

Contraction of external intercostal muscles

Answer 32

expands rib cage

Question 33

Contraction of the diaphragm

Answer 33

expands the volume of thorax and lungs

Question 34

Inhalation causes ____ pressure which draws air into the lungs

Answer 34

negative

Question 35

What structures have elasticity in inhalation

Answer 35

thorax and lungs

Question 36

Tension in thorax and lungs is released by

Answer 36

the relaxation of the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm. Produces unforced exhalation

Question 37

Unforced exhalation

Answer 37

allows thorax and lungs to recoil

Question 38

Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Answer 38

Refers to any disorder that obstructs airflow on a long term basis

Question 39

Asthma

Answer 39

Allergen triggers the release of histamine, causing intense constriction of the bronchi and sometimes suffocation

Question 40

COPD symptoms

Answer 40

Alveolar walls break down and lung exhibits larger but fewer alveoli Lungs become less elastic People expend 3 to 4 times the normal amount of energy just to breathe

Question 41

Causes of COPD

Answer 41

smoking (largest cause) Air pollution Indoor cook stoves

Question 42

Lung Cancer

Answer 42

Accounts for more deaths than any other form of cancer | caused by smoking

Question 43

Chance of recovery from metastasized lung cancer

Answer 43

3% of patients surviving 5 years after diagnosis

Question 44

Respiratory Pigments

Answer 44

proteins that transport oxygen, greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry

Question 45

Arthropods, Vulcan, and mollusk oxygen-binding component

Answer 45

hemocyanin with copper

Question 46

Hemocyanin

Answer 46

not bound to cells, but is directly suspended in the hemolymph

Question 47

Vertebrate oxygen-binding component

Answer 47

hemoglobin contained within erythrocytes

Question 48

Hemoglobin

Answer 48

consists of four polypeptide chains: two alpha and two beta

Question 49

Chains in hemoglobin

Answer 49

Each chain is associated with a heme group

Question 50

Heme group

Answer 50

Each heme group has a central iron atom that can bind a molecule of O2

Question 51

Oxyhemoglobin

Answer 51

when hemoglobin loads up with oxygen in the lungs, it forms oxyhemoglobin

Question 52

Deoxyhemoglobin

Answer 52

some molecules lose O2 as blood passes through capillaries, forming deoxyhemoglobin

Question 53

How saturated is hemoglobin at a blood Po2 of 100 mm Hg

Answer 53

97% saturated

Question 54

When blood returns to the lungs, it leaves the majority of the oxygen

Answer 54

in the blood as a reserve

Question 55

The reserve

Answer 55

enables the blood to supply body's oxygen needs during exertion

Question 56

Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen is affected by

Answer 56

pH and temperature

Question 57

Bohr shift

Answer 57

Increased CO2 in blood increases H+ Lower pH reduces hemoglobin's affinity for O2 Results in a shift of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right Facilitates oxygen unloading

Question 58

What else does hemoglobin help transport?

Answer 58

CO2 | 20% of Co2 is transported by hemoglobin

Question 59

CO2 diffuses into the blood and is transported either in

Answer 59

blood plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions.