Nervous System

Question 1

Sensory receptors

Answer 1

Detect stimulus

Question 2

Motor effectors

Answer 2

Respond to stimulus

Question 3

Central nervous system

Answer 3

Brain and spinal cord

Question 4

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 4

Sensory and motor neurons
Somatic NS stimulates skeletal muscles
Autonomic NS stimulates smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

Question 5

Somatic NS

Answer 5

Stimulates skeletal muscles

Question 6

Autonomic NS

Answer 6

Stimulates smooth and cardiac muscles as well as glands

Question 7

Sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

Answer 7

Counterbalance each other

Question 8

Types of neurons

Answer 8

Sensory neurons, motor neurons, inter neurons

Question 9

Sensory neurons

Answer 9

(Afferent neurons) carry impulses to CNS

Question 10

Motor neurons

Answer 10

(Efferent neurons) carry impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

Question 11

Interneurons

Answer 11

(Association neurons) provide more complex reflexes and associative functions (learning and memory)

Question 12

Components of a neuron

Answer 12

Cell body, dendrites, axon

Question 13

Cell body

Answer 13

Enlarged part containing nucleus

Question 14

Dendrites

Answer 14

Short cytoplasmic extensions that receive stimuli

Question 15

Axon

Answer 15

Single long extension that conducts impulses away from cell body

Question 16

Neuroglia

Answer 16

Support neurons structurally and functionally

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes produce myelin sheaths

Question 17

Myelinated axons in CNS

Answer 17

Form white matter. Dendrites/cell bodies form gray matter

Question 18

Myelinated axons in PNS

Answer 18

Bundled to form nerves

Question 19

Negative pole

Answer 19

Cytoplasmic side

Question 20

Positive pole

Answer 20

Extra cellular fluid side

Question 21

Resting potential of an I stimulated neuron

Answer 21

-70mV

Question 22

Inside of the cell is more ____ charged than outside

Answer 22

Negatively

Question 23

Sodium potassium pump

Answer 23

Brings two K+ into cell for every three Na+ it pumps out

Question 24

Ion leakage channels

Answer 24

Allow more K+ to diffuse out than Na+ to diffuse in

Question 25

Membrane is not permeable to

Answer 25

Negative ions

Question 26

Equilibrium potential

Answer 26

Balance between diffusion all force and electrical force

Question 27

Action potentials

Answer 27

Result when depolarization reaches the threshold potential (-55mV)

Question 28

Depolarizations

Answer 28

Bring neuron closer to threshold

Question 29

Hyperpolarization

Answer 29

Move neuron further from threshold

Question 30

Action potentials are caused by

Answer 30

Voltage-gated ion channels - voltage gated Na+ channels - voltage gated K+ channels

Question 31

Phases of an action potential

Answer 31

Rising, falling, undershoot

Question 32

Action potentials are always

Answer 32

Separate, all-or-none events with the same amplitude

Question 33

Two ways to increase velocity of conduction

Answer 33

Axon has large diameter, axon is myelinated (saltatory conduction)

Question 34

Synapses

Answer 34

Specialized intercellular junctions with the other neurons, with muscle cells, or with gland (endocrine or exocrine) cells

Question 35

Presynaptic cell

Answer 35

Transmits action potentials

Question 36

Postsynaptic cell

Answer 36

Received action potentials

Question 37

Two types of synapses

Answer 37

Electrical and chemical

Question 38

Electrical synapses

Answer 38

Involved in direct cytoplasmic connections between the two cells formed by gap junctions Rare in vertebrates

Question 39

Chemical synapses

Answer 39

Have a synaptic cleft between two cells | End of presynaptic cell contains synaptic vesicles packed with neurotransmitters

Question 40

In chemical synapses the neurotransmitter is released by

Answer 40

Exocytosis

Question 41

In chemical synapses the neurotransmitter action is terminated by

Answer 41

Enzymatic digestion or cellular uptake

Question 42

Acetylcholine

Answer 42

Crosses the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber Neuromuscular junction

Question 43

What does acetylcholine bind to

Answer 43

Receptor in postsynaptic membrane

Question 44

What does acetylcholine produce

Answer 44

A depolarization called an excitatory postsynaptic potential | Stimulates muscle contraction

Question 45

What degrades acetylcholine

Answer 45

Acetylcholinesterase | Causes muscle relaxation

Question 46

Amino Acids

Answer 46

Glutamate | Glycine and GABA

Question 47

Glutamate

Answer 47

Major excitatory neurotransmitter in vertebrate CNS

Question 48

Glycine and GABA

Answer 48

Inhibitory neurotransmitters | Open ligand-gated channels for Cl-

Question 49

What do glycine and GABA produce

Answer 49

Hyperpolarization called an inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Question 50

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 50

Responsible for “fight or flight”

Question 51

Dopamine

Answer 51

Used in some areas of the brain that control movements | Acts outside nervous system as paracrine messenger

Question 52

Serotonin

Answer 52

Involved in regulation of sleep

Question 53

Neuropeptides

Answer 53

Substance P released from sensory neurons activated by painful stimuli Intensity of pain depends on enkephalins and endorphins

Question 54

Nitric oxide

Answer 54

A neuropeptide Produced as needed from arginine Causes smooth muscle relaxation

Question 55

2 ways for membrane to reach threshold voltage

Answer 55

Spatial summation and temporal summation

Question 56

Spatial summation

Answer 56

Many different dendrites produce EPSPs

Question 57

Temporal summation

Answer 57

One dendrite produces repeated EPSPs