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Human Anatomy Lecture > Head 1 > Flashcards

Head 1 Flashcards

1
Q

where is the nasopharynx found and what is its function

A

found from posterior nares to uvula
protected by uvula and soft palate; keep food from entering the nasopharynx and nasal cavity

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2
Q

what type of tissue lines the nasopharynx

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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3
Q

where is the oropharynx found and what does it do

A

from your uvula to your larynx (epiglottis)
protective against mechanical stress and passageway for food and air

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4
Q

where is the laryngopharynx found

A

found from the hyoid bone to the esophagus
opens into larynx and esophagus
protective against mechanical stress and is a passageway for food and air

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5
Q

what type of tissues lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

what is the orbicularis oris muscle

A

muscle around your lips that has circumferential fibers

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7
Q

what is the labial frenulum

A

string of mucosa that attaches the inner portion of the lips to the gums on the midline

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8
Q

what is the oral vestibule

A

small space between teeth and inner portion of lips
internal surface of cheeks and lips

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9
Q

what are the buccinator muscles

A

muscles that run horizontally from your lips towards your ear
compresses the cheeks inwards for motions such as whistling and kissing

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10
Q

what is the lingual frenulum

A

string of mucosa that connects to the posterior aspect of the tongue and the floor of the mouth
prevents the tongue from going too far back

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11
Q

what is the anterior 2/3rds of the palate made of and what is its function

A

hard palate which is made of maxilla and palatine bones
assists in mechanical digestions

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12
Q

what is the posterior 1/3rd of the palate made of and what’s its function

A

makes up the soft palate
extends inferiorly until it reaches the uvula

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13
Q

what is the palatoglossal arch or anterior faucial pillars

A

anterior arch on the posterior wall of oral cavity

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14
Q

what do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do

A

control position of the tongue and move it during chewing to turn food into bolus

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15
Q

what do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do

A

control shape and size of the tongue to push food against hard palate and back towards the oropharynx

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16
Q

what are the small projections of the epithelium of the tongue called

A

papillae (taste buds)

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17
Q

which type of muscle (intrinsic or extrinsic) is the genioglossus of the tongue

A

extrinsic

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18
Q

what are the the vallate papilla or circumvallate and where are they found

A

largest, dome shaped projections of the tongue epithelium that contain 100s of taste buds
most posterior

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19
Q

what are the foliate papilla and where are they found

A

projections of the tongue epithelium that contain tastebuds only at childhood
found on the lateral sides of the tongue

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20
Q

what are the fungiform papilla and where are they found

A

mushroom-shaped projections of the tongue epithelium that contain only a few taste buds
found on the sides and tip of tongue

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21
Q

what are the filiform papilla and where are they found

A

long, thin cylindrical projections of the tongue epithelium that do not have any taste buds
detect food temperature and texture and assist in mechanical digestions
found on the anterior 2/3rds of tongue

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22
Q

which cranial nerves innervate the special sensation (taste buds) of the tongue

A

7 (facial), 9 (glossopharyngeal), and 10 (vagus)

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23
Q

which portion of the tongue does the facial nerve (7) innervate for special sensation

A

small specific areas of anterior 2/3rds of tongue

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24
Q

which portion of the tongue does the glossopharyngeal nerve (9) innervate for special and general sensation

A

lingual tonsil and posterior 1/3rd of tongue

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25
Q

which portion of the tongue does the vagus nerve (10) innervate for special and general sensation

A

middle portion of lingual tonsils and through the palatoglossus muscle going to the tongue

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26
Q

which cranial nerves innervate the general sensation (touch and temperature) of the tongue

A

V3 (lingual), 9 (glossopharyngeal), and 10 (vagus)

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26
Q

which portion of the tongue does the lingual nerve (V3) innervate for general sensation

A

anterior 2/3rds of tongue

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27
Q

which cranial nerve innervates the motor of the tongue

A

12 (hypoglossal)

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28
Q

which portion of the tongue does the hypoglossal nerve (12) innervate for motor

A

all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus

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29
Q

which arteries supply the tongue

A

branches of the lingual artery

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30
Q

what are the two main veins that drain the tongue

A

lingual vein which drains into the internal jugular vein

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31
Q

why are nitroglycerin tablets used

A

put under the tongue because there are lots of veins in the area
allows the medication to enter the bloodstream quicker without the chance of it getting broken down before then
treats angina (chest pain)

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32
Q

what is the terminal sulcus

A

depression between lingual tonsil and posterior aspect of tongue

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33
Q

what is the foramen cecum

A

remnant of proximal part of thyroglossal duct; origin of thyroid gland
found at the posterior base of tongue on the midline

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34
Q

what is the median sulcus

A

midline groove of tongue

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35
Q

what is the epiglottic vallecula

A

space between the back of the lingual tonsils and epiglottis

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36
Q

where is the throat (fauces)

A

posterior portion of oral cavity to anterior portion of oropharynx

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37
Q

what is the palatopharyngeal arch

A

posterior arch in the oral cavity

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38
Q

where will you find the palatine tonsils

A

isthmus of fauces (back of your throat, in front of your oropharynx)

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39
Q

what is Waldeyer’s ring made of and what are some of its features

A

pharyngeal lymphatic ring formed by palatine, lingual, and pharyngeal tonsils
tonsils can swell and obstruct airways
carcinoma can hide here because it’s such a small space

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40
Q

what are dental alveoli

A

bony sockets that hold teeth

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41
Q

what are periodontal ligaments

A

connective tissue bands that hold teeth within the dental alveoli

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42
Q

what is the crown of a tooth

A

visible part sticking out of gum

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43
Q

what is the root of a tooth

A

everything below the gum within the dental alveoli

44
Q

what is the alveolar margin

A

space between each tooth at gums

45
Q

what are incisors and what are their function

A

broad and flat teeth with a narrow crown
cut off pieces of food

46
Q

what are canines (cuspids) and what are their function

A

tooth with a pointed crown on either sides of incisors
crown rips and tears food

47
Q

what are premolars and molars and what are their function

A

broad teeth posterior to canines
premolars have two cusps on crown (bicuspids)
molars have three cusps on crown (tricuspids)
upper molars have two roots; lower have 3
both grind food

48
Q

do upper molars have 2 or 3 roots

A

3

49
Q

do lower molars have 2 or 3 roots

A

2

50
Q

what are primary or deciduous teeth and how many do you have

A

20 baby teeth that will be replaced up to 6 years of age

51
Q

what are secondary or permanent teeth and how many do you have

A

32 adult teeth that come in after baby teeth and are not replaced
finish coming in around 21 years of age (wisdom teeth)

52
Q

explain some features of periodontitis

A

infection of the gingiva caused by poor oral hygiene
can lead to tooth loss
treated by a professional cleaning and sometimes specialized toothpastes

53
Q

explain features of parotid glands

A

found around the ear
25-30% of total saliva secreted
secreted through Stensen’s duct (parotid duct)
duct drains into mouth by second molar
made of only serous sells that secrete water and enzymes

54
Q

explain features of submandibular glands

A

found under angle of jaw
65-75% of total saliva secreted
secreted through Wharton’s duct (submandibular duct) near lingual frenulum
made of mostly serous sells and some mucous sells that secretes enzymes and some mucous

55
Q

explain features of sublingual glands

A

found directly under tongue
5% of total saliva secreted
contains mostly mucous cells that secrete mucous with some enzyme
secreted through ducts near lingual frenulum

56
Q

what is the function of adipose tissue around the eyeball

A

provides protective cushioning
keeps eye in proper position
occupies the rest (2/3rds) of orbit

57
Q

what is the function of an eyelid (palpebrae)

A

keeps eyeball moisturized as you blink
helps to bring debris to the front

58
Q

what is the lacrimal carnucle

A

pink inner corner of eye that has sebaceous glands to secrete lubrication substance

59
Q

what is considered the cornea

A

tissue on top of iris and pupil

60
Q

what is the orbicularis oculi muscle

A

muscle around your eyes that has circumferential fibers

61
Q

what is the levator palpebral superioris muscle

A

muscle that raises upper eyelid
causes ptosis (sagging) if it becomes paralyzed

62
Q

what is the tarsal plate

A

main structural component of eyelid that is made of dense regular collagenous connective tissue

63
Q

what is the tarsal gland

A

found within the tarsal plate
secretes oily substance to lubricate eyeball

64
Q

what is the palpebral conjunctiva

A

thin, continuous epithelial membrane that covers inner surface of eyelid
has lots of capillaries

65
Q

what is the bulbar or ocular conjunctiva

A

thin, continuous epithelial membrane that covers anterior surface of white part of eyeball (sclera)
has lots of capillaries that can become swollen due to infection which leads to pink eye or conjunctivitis

66
Q

what are the flow of lacrimal fluid

A

lacrimal duct, across the eye to lacrimal puncta, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, and inferior nasal meatus

67
Q

where is the superior rectus muscle found and what does it do

A

on the superior aspect of the eye
moves the eye up and medially

68
Q

where is the inferior rectus muscle found and what does it do

A

on the posterior aspect of the eye
moves the eye down and medially

69
Q

where is the medial rectus muscle and what does it do

A

found on the medial portion of eye
turns eye medially

70
Q

where is the lateral rectus muscle and what does it do

A

found on the lateral portion of eye
turns eye laterally

71
Q

where is the superior oblique muscle and what does it do

A

muscle that travels from the posterior orbit along the medial wall and inserts on the upper literally aspect of the eye
pulls eye down and out

72
Q

where is the inferior oblique muscle and what does it do

A

muscle on medially floor or orbit and insets on the bottom lateral portion of eyeball
pulls eye up and out

73
Q

which two eye muscles make you look directly up

A

superior and inferior oblique

74
Q

which nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle

A

CN 4 (trochlear)

75
Q

which nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle

A

CN 6 (abducens)

76
Q

which nerve innervate the inferior oblique, medial rectus, superior rectus, and inferior rectus muscles

A

CN 3 (oculomotor)

77
Q

what is a lazy eye or amblyopia

A

when the eyes cannot move together at birth
abnormal alignment where the muscles don’t coordinate
causes poor depth perception

78
Q

explain the features of strabismus

A

eyes don’t look in the same direction at the same time (cross eyes)
issue with abducens nerve (6)

79
Q

what are the three layers of the eye from superficial to deep

A

fibrous tunic, vascular tunic (uvea), and neural tunic

80
Q

what are the two layers of the fibrous tunic

A

sclera and cornea

81
Q

what does the sclera of the fibrous tunic do

A

extension of dura mater that provides shape, resistance, and attachment for eye muscles
made of irregular collage fibers to help maintain its shape

82
Q

what does the cornea of the fibrous tunic do

A

translucent covering that is continuous with the sclera anteriorly and allows light to pass through it
parallel arranged collagen fibers make it translucent
avascular
lots of abducens nerve endings that convey eye pain

83
Q

what is the corneoscleral junction

A

junction of corneal and scleral layers of the fibrous tunic

84
Q

what is the scleral venous sinus (canal of schlemm)

A

hole found in the corneoscleral junction that drains excess fluid into circulatory system

85
Q

what is the vascular layer of the eye

A

middle layer that lies beneath cornea and sclera

86
Q

what is the choroid and what is its function

A

dark brown due to a pigment
minimizes scattering of light rays
capillaries
responsible for red eye reflection in pictures

87
Q

what is the ciliary body and what is its function

A

ciliary muscle: contracts or relaxes to pull on suspensory ligaments to change shape of lens
ciliary processes: connect to suspensory ligaments and also secrete aqueous humor

88
Q

what are suspensory ligaments for in the eye

A

connect ciliary body to lens which allows for contraction and relaxation of lens to allow it to focus light

89
Q

what does the ciliary muscle do

A

stretch lens which helps it bend light

90
Q

what do the ciliary processes do

A

connect the suspensory ligaments to the ciliary body and secrete aqueous humor

91
Q

what is the iris and what does it do

A

colored region of eye
color is dependent on amount of melanin

92
Q

what does the pupillary sphincter do

A

controlled by the parasympathetic division
contracts to make pupil smaller

93
Q

what does pupillary dilator do

A

controlled by the sympathetic division
dilates to make pupil larger

94
Q

what is the lens of the eye and what does it do

A

sphere behind pupil and iris that focuses light on retina
made of lens fibers with no nucleus
fibers tightly packed to make it translucent

95
Q

what does the lens do for distant vision

A

ligaments stretch so it flattens

96
Q

what does the lens do for near vision

A

ligaments relax so it gets rounder

97
Q

explain features of uveitis (chorioretinitis)

A

inflammation of vascular layer of eye
can be caused by many different things such as and infection or autoimmune disease
needs to be treated or it can result in blindness

98
Q

explain features of cataracts

A

the lens becomes cloudy due to things like trauma, diabetes, and aging
treated by replacing lens with a synthetic one - they cannot be reversed

99
Q

what are the two layers of the neural layer (retina) of the eye

A

superficial layer and deep layer

100
Q

what is the neural layer and what does it do

A

innermost later of eyeball, also known as retina

101
Q

what does the superficial layer of the retina do

A

reduces light scattering and nourishes photoreceptors

102
Q

what does the deep layer of the retina do

A

has photoreceptors and optic nerve cells

103
Q

explain the features of a detached retina

A

epithelium of retina displaces from deep layer of retina
photoreceptors in retina don’t get blood supply from choroid
can be caused by diabetes, trauma, and odd shaped eye

104
Q

what do photoreceptor cells do (rods and cones)

A

detect and transducer light stimuli into action potentials

105
Q

what does the fovea centralis do

A

area where incoming light is focused
gives detail to what’s coming in due to high density of photoreceptors

106
Q

what is the macula lutea

A

yellow region around fovea centralis
lots of photoreceptors

107
Q

what is the optic disc

A

where the bundle of neurons come into the eye along with the optic nerve
no photoreceptors - blindspot

108
Q

explain age related macular degeneration

A

macula lutea is damaged which affects central vision
dry causes: hereditary and environmental factors can cause thinning and drusen protein growth
wet causes: blood vessels grow under retina and leak fluids which causes scarring

Human Anatomy Lecture (18 decks)

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