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Human Anatomy Lecture > Pelvic Cavity > Flashcards

Pelvic Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

what is the scrotal raphe

A

ridge like seam that divides septum of external scrotum
runs down ventral (underside) surface of penis all the way to the anus

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2
Q

what do the dartos muscle and superficial dartos fascia do

A

extensions of scarpa’s fascia that form scrotal septum
wrinkle based on temperature

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3
Q

what is the tunica vaginalis

A

visceral and parietal peritoneal layers of the testi

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4
Q

what are the layers of the spermatic cord from outermost to innermost

A

external spermatic fascia - (came from external oblique aponeurosis)
cremaster muscle within cremasteric fascia - (came from internal oblique)
internal spermatic fascia - (came from transversalis fascia)

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5
Q

what are the scrotal layers from outermost to innermost

A

skin
superficial dartos fascia and muscle - (came from scarpa’s fascia)
coverings of spermatic cord
visceral and parietal layer of tunica vaginalis - (came from peritoneum)

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6
Q

what is the external spermatic fascia derived from

A

external oblique aponeurosis

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7
Q

what is the cremaster muscle and its fascia formed by

A

internal oblique muscle

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8
Q

what is the function of the cremaster muscle

A

contracts or relaxes to control height of testes

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9
Q

what is the internal spermatic fascia derived from

A

transversalis fascia

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10
Q

what is contained within the spermatic cord

A

ductus deferens
testicular artery
pampiniform plexus
lymph vessels
nerves

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11
Q

what is the path of the spermatic cord starting at the scrotum

A

superficial (external) inguinal ring
inguinal canal
deep (internal) inguinal ring
abdominal cavity

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12
Q

explain hydrocele

A

excess serous secretions from cells of visceral layer of tunica vaginalis build up in the processus vaginalis
can occur in the speramtic cord or testes
diagnosed by transillumination (shining light against the scrotum)
typically goes away on its own

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13
Q

what is the processus vaginalis

A

blind-ended evagination of abdominal wall that develops during fetal life
typically undergoes obliteration in early life
fluid can get caught here (hydrocele)

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14
Q

which two structures work together to regulate temperature of testes

A

scrotum and speramtic cord

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15
Q

at what temperature do testes best produce sperm

A

3 degrees cooler (34 C) than body temperaure (37 C)

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16
Q

what is countercurrent heat exchange

A

heat transfer from testicular artery to pampiniform plexus to help reduce scrotal temperature

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17
Q

what happens to the testes when the external temperature is cold

A

dartos muscle (around scrotum) contracts to make the scrotum shorter and wrinkled - decreases surface area and reduces heat loss
cremaster muscle (around testes) contracts to draw testes closer to warmth of body

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18
Q

what happens to the testes when the external temperature is hot

A

dartos and cremaster muscles relax
scrotum becomes relaxed and flaccid to increase surface area and cooling

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19
Q

what are accessory sex glands

A

exocrine glands that produce liquid portion of semen

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20
Q

what are the seminal vesicles and what do they do

A

lie lateral to ampulla of ductus deferens; posterior to bladder; and superior to prostate
arise from wolffian duct
provide fluid and nourishment for sperm

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21
Q

what is the prostate and what does it do

A

encapsulated gland found inferior to bladder
surrounds urethra and ejaculatory duct
made of prostic ducts which open into sinuses
smooth muscle of prostate contracts during ejaculation to squeeze prostatic secretions into urethra

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22
Q

explain the lobes and orientation of the prostate gland

A

isthmus (anterior)
posterior (posterior to ejaculatory duct)
right lateral
left lateral
middle (posterior to urethra and anterior to ejaculatory duct)

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23
Q

how much does a prostate gland weigh

A

20-40 grams

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24
Q

what is the urethral crest of the prostate gland

A

area between right and left lobes
contains seminal colliculus

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25
Q

what is the seminal colliculus

A

rounded portion within the urethral crest

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26
Q

what is the prostatic utricle

A

slit opening in the apex of the seminal colliculus
remnant of uterovaginal canal

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27
Q

what are the bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands

A

marble sized glands found at the base of penis on either side of membranous urethra
drain into urethra

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28
Q

what are the 3 male accessory sex glands

A

seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands

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29
Q

explain benign prostic hyperplasia

A

enlarged prostate impedes urination
nocturia (peeing a lot at night) is a common sympthom
can cause bladder infections and kidney damage if left untreated
treated by drugs or widening of the area to allow urine to pass

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30
Q

explain prostate cancer

A

slow growing, resistant tumor that often begins in the posterior lobe of prostate
found using rectal exam and ultrasound
can metastisize to surrounding bone
treated by prostate removal (prostatectomy)

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31
Q

at which week is the placenta fully formed

A

week 12 (3 months)

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32
Q

what is the purpose of the placenta

A

site of exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
produces hormones to support pregnancy

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33
Q

what are 3 hormones produced by the placenta

A

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), estrogen, and progesterone

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34
Q

what is the weight and diamter of a placenta at delivery

A

weight: 500-600 g
diameter: 15-20 cm

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35
Q

explain the blood flow of the placenta

A

fetus:
umbilical arteries deliver deoxygenated blood to chorionic villi
blood is exchanged
high nutrient/oxygenated blood enters umbilical vein and goes to the fetus

maternal:
maternal arteries deliver oxygenated blood to chorionic villi
blood is exchanged
deoxygenated blood enters the material veins to be brough back to the heart

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36
Q

what is the corionic plate (chorion) and what is it made of

A

fetal surface of placenta
made of:
amniotic membrane (amnion) - outermost layer
chorionic vessels - continuous with umbilical cord
chorionic villi (internal capillaries)

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37
Q

what is the basal plate and what is it made of

A

materal surface of placenta
made of:
decidua - modified endometerium
cotyledons (lobes) - 10-40

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38
Q

what four structures make up the internal female genitalia

A

ovaries
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina

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39
Q

what is the pouch of Douglas

A

rectouterine pouch
space between rectum and posterior aspect of uterus

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40
Q

what causes older womens’ ovaries to be bumpy

A

scars form after eggs are released

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41
Q

what are the two functions of the ovaries

A

produce ova (eggs)
secrete hormones
makes it a reproductive and endocrine organ

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42
Q

how much does an ovary weigh after pregnancy

A

7 grams
14 grams for both

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43
Q

what four hormones do the ovaries secrete

A

estrogen
progesterone
inhibin
relaxin

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44
Q

what three different types of estrogen do the ovaries secrete and when are they secreted

A

estradiol (E2): puberty to menopause
estrone (E1): menopause
estriol (E3): during pregnancy

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45
Q

what is the tunica albuginea (female)

A

fibrous covering on surface of ovary

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46
Q

what is the ovarian cortex and what does it do

A

inner portion of ovary
site of oogensis (making of eggs)

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47
Q

what do developing follicles and gametes form

A

corpus luteum then corpus albicans

48
Q

what is the ovarian medulla

A

innermost region of ovary where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves are found

49
Q

what does the broad ligament do

A

large, flat ligaments that attach the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus to bony pelvis

50
Q

what does the ovarian ligament do

A

connects medial surface of ovary to uterus

51
Q

what is the ovarian ligament homologous to in males

A

gubernaculum

52
Q

what does the suspensory ligament (infundibulopelvic ligament) do

A

connects lateral surface of ovary to pelvic wall
also provides support for ovarian artery and vein

53
Q

are uterine tubes (fallopian tubes, oviducts) found within the peritoneal cavity?

A

yes
also supported by a portion of broad ligament

54
Q

what are the 4 sections of the uterine tube starting closes to the uterus

A

isthmus
ampulla
infundibulum
fimbriae

55
Q

what is the most likely area of fertilization

A

ampulla of uterine tube

56
Q

what is the vesicular appendix (hydatid of morgagni)

A

small vesicles of fimbriae
remnant of mullerian duct
spot of formation of watery cysts

57
Q

where is the uterus located within the pelvic cavity

A

anterior to rectum and posterior to bladder

58
Q

how much does a uterus weigh before and after gestation

A

before: 35 g
after: 110 g

59
Q

what is the isthmus of the uterus

A

area where uterine body ends and cervix begins
1 cm long

60
Q

what is the endocervix or endocervical canal

A

within the cervix
made of glandular epithelium

61
Q

what is the supravaginal part of the cervix

A

top portion of cervix
abuts the isthmus

62
Q

what is the vaginal (exocervix) part of the cervix

A

bottom portion of the cervix that connects to the vaginal canal

63
Q

what is the external os of cervix

A

opening of cervix into the vagina

64
Q

what is the fornix of the vagina

A

small recess on either side of the cervix where the vagina starts

65
Q

what is the cervical endocervical (squamocolumnar) junction and what is its significance

A

area of cervix where tissue changes from glandular epithelium (inner cervix) to squamous epitheium (edge of cervix)
this junction (transitional zone) will move based on stages of life and can be more prone to cancer

66
Q

what is the perimetrium

A

outer layer of the uterine wall
extension of the parietal peritoneum

67
Q

what is the myometrium

A

middle layer of the uterine wall that’s composed of bundles of smooth muscle
contracts during orgasm and childbirth

68
Q

what is the endometrium

A

inner layer of the uterine wall mucous membrane composed of simple columnar epithelium
rests on lamina propria

69
Q

what is the lateral cervical ligaments

A

found at the inferior border of the broad ligament
connect the cervix and superior vagina to lateral walls of pelvis

70
Q

what is the broad ligament

A

large sheet
connects uterus laterally

71
Q

what are the uterosacral ligaments

A

connect the posterior aspect of the uterus to the sacrum

72
Q

what are the round ligaments

A

comes off anterior to the ovarian ligament
goes through inguinal canal
connects the uterus to labia majora

73
Q

what is the mesometrium of the broad ligament

A

mesentary around the uterus
connects the uterine body to the lateral pelvic walls

74
Q

what is the mesosalpinx of the broad ligament

A

mesentary of the uterine tubes
found directly inferior to the tube - most superior part of broad ligament

75
Q

what is the mesovarium of the broad ligament

A

mesentary directly superior to the ovary
posterior extension of the broad ligament

76
Q

what is the ovarian ligament

A

connects the inferior pole of ovary to uterus

77
Q

what is the suspensory ligament of ovary

A

connects the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall

78
Q

explain cervical cancer

A

adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
ususally caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) - affects transitional zone
prevented by pap smears and HPV vaccines

79
Q

explain ovarian cancer

A

ususally begin from peritoneal (superficial) epithelium
can be linked from breast cancer

80
Q

explain endometrial adenocarcinoma

A

most common type of femal genitalia cancer
often begins in uterus and affects post menopausal women
abnormal bleeding after menopause

81
Q

explain myometrail leiomyomas (uterine fibroids)

A

benign, smooth muscle tumor
common in 40-60 year old women
3 types:
intramural: grow within the uterine muscle
submucosal: bulge into uterine cavity
subserosal: project into the uterine cavity (can be pedunculated)

82
Q

explain clyamydia

A

sexually transmitted infection caused by chlamydia bacteria (obligate intracellular bacteria)
treated with antibiotics
can cause infertility if left untreated

83
Q

explain rectocele

A

herniation of the rectum’s front wall into the back of the vagina
prevents a bowel movement cause part of the rectum is stuck
tx: kegels and surgery

84
Q

explain cystocele (vesicocele)

A

herniation of bladder into vagina wall
tx: ring to support bladder, estrogen

85
Q

what is the vaginal mucosa

A

stratified squamous epithelium
tough to withstand frictional forces
no glands

86
Q

what is the hymen

A

vascular partition of mucosa near distal vaginal orifice

87
Q

what is the pudendum

A

vulva
external genitalia

88
Q

what is the anterior urogenital triangle

A

contains the clitoris, urethral opening, and vaginal opening

89
Q

what is the posterior anal triangle

A

contains the anus

90
Q

what part of the female genitalia is homologous to scrotum

A

labia majora

91
Q

what is the posterior labial commissure

A

bottom portion of female genitalia where the labia minora come together

92
Q

what is the fourchette (frenulum)

A

fold above the posterior labial commissure
abuts opening of vagina

93
Q

what is the vestibule

A

recess enclosed within labia minora
contains the urethral orifice and vaginal opening
no clitoris

94
Q

what are the paraurethral glands

A

on either side of the urethral orifice
discharge mucus into urethra

95
Q

what are the greater vestibular (bartholin’s) glands

A

on either side of the vaginal orifice
secrete mucus into vestibule during intercourse

96
Q

what are the parts of the clitoris

A

body and root
glans, 2 crura, and 2 corpora cavernosa

97
Q

what is the fold of skin covering the body of the clitoris called

A

prepuce

98
Q

what is the bulb of vestibule

A

lateral portion of clitoris the wrap around vaginal and urethral orifices
becomes engorged with blood when stimulated

99
Q

what is the bulb of vestibule homologous to in a male

A

corpus spongiosum

100
Q

what is the crus of clitoris

A

the tail end of the two legs that extend from the clitoral body

101
Q

what is the corpus cavernosum in females

A

the proximal portion of the two legs that extend from the clitoral body

102
Q

generally, are veins running medially or laterally to arteries within the structures of the pelvis

A

laterally

103
Q

what is the blood flow from the internal iliac artery in females

A

abdominal aorta
common iliac artery
internal iliac artery - anterior trunk

umbilical artery (splits into obliterated)

uterine artery

inferior vesicle artery (to bladder)

vaginal artery

internal pudendal artery (external genitalia)

104
Q

what does the inferior epigastric artery branch off of

A

external iliac artery

105
Q

what artery does the ureter run deep to

A

uterine artery

106
Q

which artery in males supplies most of the perineum

A

internal pudendal artery

107
Q

what artery does the internal pudendal come off of

A

internal iliac artery

108
Q

what artery does the dorsal penile artery branch from

A

terminal end of internal pudendal artery

109
Q

what is the ovarian artery a branch of

A

abdominal aorta

110
Q

what do the middle and inferior rectal arteries branch from

A

internal iliac artery

111
Q

what artery supplies the anal canal

A

inferior rectal artery

112
Q

which nerve supplies the sympathetic division of the pelvic cavity and where is it found

A

hypogastric plexus
begins at the common iliac artery split

113
Q

which nerve supplies the parasympathetic division of the pelvic cavity and where is it found

A

pelvic splanchnic nerve
on either side of the rectum and bladder

114
Q

what does the vesical venous plexus drain

A

venous blood from the bladder

115
Q

what does the prostatic venous plexus drain

A

venous blood from the prostate

Human Anatomy Lecture (18 decks)

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