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Human Anatomy Lecture > Neuroanatomy 1 > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

explain the directions and planes of section for the brain

A
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2
Q

what are the layers of meninges and spaces starting most superficial

A

epidural space
dura mater
subdural space
arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space
pia mater

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3
Q

what type of tissue are the meninges made of

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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4
Q

what is the epidural space and what is its function

A

a potential space between inner surface of cranial bone and outer surface of dura mater
allows passage of blood vessels such as the middle meningeal artery

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5
Q

what does the middle meningeal artery do

A

supplies meninges

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6
Q

explain an epidural hematoma

A

when the thin, temporal/pterous region of the skull is fractured, it can rupture vessels causing a collection of blood

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7
Q

what is the dura mater, what are its two layers, and what is its function

A

thickest, most durable double layered membrane
periosteal and meningeal layers
typically both layers are fused except where they have dural sinus cavities

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8
Q

what is the periosteal dura and what is its function

A

outer layer of dura that is attached to the cranial bone
has lots of blood supply

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9
Q

what is the meningeal dura and what is its function

A

inner, avascular layer of the dura

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10
Q

what are dural sinuses and what are their functions

A

venous channels between the superficial and deep layers of dura
drain excess CSF and deoxygenated blood from the brain

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11
Q

what are dural folds

A

where the meningeal dura (deep) layer folds over itself

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12
Q

what is the falx cerebri

A

dural fold between longitudinal fissure
separates left and right cerebral hemispheres

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13
Q

what is the superior sagittal sinus

A

dural sinus (cavity) made by separation of the two dura mater layers

found within the longitudinal fissure

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14
Q

what is the tentorium cerebelli

A

dural fold between cerebellum and occipital lobe of cerebrum

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15
Q

what is the falx cerebelli

A

dural fold between left and right hemispheres of cerebellum

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16
Q

what is the subdural space and what is its function

A

narrow space directly under dura mater and above arachnoid mater
has a thin layer of serous fluid and veins that drain blood from the brain

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17
Q

what is a subdural hematoma

A

when cerebral veins in the subdural space tear and cause pooling of blood
much slower accumulation because they’re low pressure veins

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18
Q

what is the arachnoid mater and what is its function

A

found beneath subdural space
has arachnoid mater and makes up arachnoid granulations

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19
Q

what do arachnoid granulations do

A

project superficially through meningeal dura into dural sinuses
allow for return of CSF to bloodstream which helps maintain pressure

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20
Q

what is the subarachnoid space and what is its function

A

found deep to the arachnoid mater
filled with CSF and major brain blood vessels
has arachnoid trabeculae which connect arachnoid matter to pia mater

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21
Q

what is a subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

major brain blood vessels in the subarachnoid space can rupture
produces “worst headache of life”

22
Q

what is a berry aneurysm

A

enlargement or ballooning of an artery due to weakening of the arterial wall
can pinch optic nerve depending on where they are

23
Q

at which artery will you find 40% and 34% of berry aneurysms

A

40%: anterior communication artery (opic nerve pinching)
34%: off of the middle cerebral artery

24
Q

what is the Pia mater and what is its function

A

deepest meningeal layer that is directly adhered to brain
permeable to substances in CSF and extracellular fluid of brain
allows for substances to move between two fluid compartments

25
Q

explain a concussion

A

brain injury caused by violent blow to the head or shaking of head
widespread and micoscopic

26
Q

explain a contusion

A

pia mater is stripped from brain which causes bleeding
localized with macroscopic bruising

27
Q

what type of cell lines ventricles of the brain

A

ependymal cells

28
Q

what are the right and left lateral ventricles (first and second ventricles)

A

largest cavities found in the cerebral hemispheres
look like ram horns

29
Q

what is the third ventricle

A

narrow cavity found between 2 lobes of diencephalon (forebrain)

30
Q

what is the interventricular foramen

A

hole that connects left + right lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle

31
Q

what is the fourth ventricle

A

between pons and cerebellum
continuous with the central canal of spinal cord
have posterior openings to allow CSF in ventricles to flow into subarachnoid space

32
Q

what is the cerebral aqueduct

A

connects third and fourth ventricles

33
Q

what is the purpose of CSF

A

cushions brain
maintains constant temperature
removes wastes
increases buoyancy of brain

34
Q

what are the choroid plexuses and what do they do

A

tissue in ventricles made of cells that make the majority of CSF

35
Q

what are fenestrated capillaries

A

gaps between endothelial cells that allow fluid and electrolytes to exit from blood plasma to enter extracellular fluid

36
Q

what is the pathway for CSF formation, circulation, and reabsorption

A

1.) fluid leaks out of capillaries of choroid plexuses into ECF of ventricles
2.) ependymal cells take up fluid and secrete it into ventricles as CSF
3.) CSF is circulated through brain and spinal cord in subarachnoid space by the cilia on ependymal cells
4.) some CSF is reabsorbed into venous blood in arachnoid granulations

37
Q

explain hydrocephalus

A

when arachnoid granulations are blocked or too much CSF is produced, it builds up in ventricles which causes swelling of the brain

38
Q

where does the majority of the brain’s blood supply come from

A

internal carotid arteries

39
Q

what does the internal carotid artery branch into

A

anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries

40
Q

what does the anterior cerebral arteries do

A

supply most of medial and superior surface of cerebrum and frontal pole
connected to the other anterior cerebral artery by anterior communicating artery

41
Q

what does the middle cerebral arteries do

A

supply lateral surface of cerebrum and temporal pole
common site for plaque formation and strokes

42
Q

what does the basilar artery do

A

made of both vertebral arteries fused
gives off small branches that supply brainstem

43
Q

what does the posterior cerebral arteries do

A

supply inferior surface and occipital lobe

44
Q

what do the posterior communicating arteries do

A

connect posterior cerebral arteries to internal carotid arteries

45
Q

explain temporal arteritis

A

aka giant cell arteritis or Horton’s arteritis
autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the blood vessels
can cause headaches, vision loss, etc
biopsy of superficial temporal artery may be taken
treatment is steroids

46
Q

what are the four main veins that drain the head

A

internal and external jugular
vertebral veins
emissary veins

47
Q

what are the purpose of the emissary veins

A

connect dural venous sinus with veins of scalp

48
Q

what two veins does the brachiocephalic vein split into

A

internal jugular and subclavian veins

49
Q

what two veins stem from the subclavian vein

A

external jugular and vertebral veins

50
Q

what is the venous blood flow starting from brain capillaries

A

brain capillaries
cerebral veins
inferior sagittal sinus to straight sinus
superior sagittal sinus, occipital sinus, and inferior sagittal sinus to confluence sinus
transverse sinus
cavernous sinus to superior petrosal sinus
sigmoid sinus
internal jugular vein

51
Q

what is the cavernous sinus and what does it do

A

found on either side of the sella turcica
drains ophthalmic veins
potential area for things like infection

52
Q

explain danger spaces

A

areas susceptible to infection and nerve damage
scalp - emissary veins - superior sagittal sinus
nose - ophthalmic vein - cavernous sinus

Human Anatomy Lecture (18 decks)

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