Head 2

Question 1

where is the posterior cavity of the eye and what is in it

Answer 1

behind lens
has vitreous humor

Question 2

what is the function of vitreous humor

Answer 2

presses retina against choroid and helps maintain eyeball shape
important for forensics because can be drawn to find chemicals

Question 3

explain the features of glaucoma

Answer 3

aqueous humor fluid builds up which raises pressure to compress and damage retina and optic nerve
eventually can cause blindness
cause is usually unknown

Question 4

what is the arterial flow of the orbit

Answer 4

internal carotid artery, ophthalmic artery, short posterior ciliary artery, central retinal artery, lacrimal artery, lacrimal gland

Question 5

what is the purpose of the short posterior ciliary artery

Answer 5

artery near optic disc
supplies choroid and outer later of retina

Question 6

what is the purpose of the central retinal artery

Answer 6

enters eye with optic disc structures
supplies internal surface of retina

Question 7

what is the venous flow of the orbit

Answer 7

vortex veins to superior and inferior ophthalmic veins to cavernous sinus

Question 8

where is light refracted

Answer 8

lens and cornea

Question 9

what are errors of refraction

Answer 9

lens can not round up either to aging or shape of eye ball
division which includes myopia (nearsightedness), presbyopia (farsightedness), and astigmatism

Question 10

what near point of accommodation

Answer 10

closest point at which eye can focus on an object
gets longer as you age

Question 11

what is presbyopia

Answer 11

condition where someones near point of accommodation is greater than 25 cm (farsightedness)

Question 12

what causes nearsightedness (myopia) and how is it fixed

Answer 12

eyeball is too long so lens can’t flatten enough so the image focuses in front of the retina
use concave lenses

Question 13

what is an astigmatism and how is it fixed

Answer 13

irregular curvature of cornea or lens which causes rays of light to not be evenly refracted
causes blurriness that can be fixes with corrective lenses

Question 14

what part of the body is associated with vestibular sense

Answer 14

ear

Question 15

what do ceruminous glands do

Answer 15

secrete cerumen (ear wax) which lubricates and waterproofs canal

Question 16

1.)

Answer 16

auricle (pinna)

Question 17

2.)

Answer 17

external auditory canal (external acoustic meatus)

Question 18

3.)

Answer 18

helix

Question 19

4.)

Answer 19

antihelix

Question 20

5.)

Answer 20

antitragus

Question 21

6.)

Answer 21

tragus

Question 22

what type of cartilage is the outer ear made out of

Answer 22

elastic cartilage

Question 23

what is the tympanic cavity or middle ear

Answer 23

hollow, air-filled mucous membrane-lined chamber found in the temporal bone
begins at the tympanic membrane and ends at the inner ear
contains three auditory ossicles

Question 24

what are the three auditory ossicles and what do they do

Answer 24

malleus, incus, and stapes
amplify and convert incoming sound waves in air into fluid movement

Question 25

explain features of otitis media

Answer 25

inflammation of middle ear common in children due to upper respiratory infections acute otitis media (AOM) - when pharyngotympanic tube allows pathogens from nasopharynx to travel into middle ear - tube is more short and horizontal usually treated with antibiotics or tubes

Question 26

explain features of otosclerosis

Answer 26

ossicles fuse which prevents sound from traveling from middle to inner eat can be inherited or come from an infection

Question 27

1.)

Answer 27

malleus

Question 28

2.)

Answer 28

incus

Question 29

3.)

Answer 29

stapes

Question 30

4.)

Answer 30

round window (cochlear window)

Question 31

5.)

Answer 31

pharyngotympanic tube

Question 32

6.)

Answer 32

oval window (vestibular window)

Question 33

what is the cochlea responsible for

Answer 33

hearing

Question 34

what are the vestibule and semicircular canals responsible for

Answer 34

detect head movement and position

Question 35

what nerves run through the internal acoustic meatus

Answer 35

CN 7 (facial) and 8 (vestibulocochlear)

Question 36

what are maculae

Answer 36

sensory epithelium in vestibule that have otolith convey stimuli about head tilt and linear movement

Question 37

what does the crista ampullari do

Answer 37

has receptor cells that detect rotational movement

Question 38

what does endolymph do

Answer 38

transduces sound waves and head movements into electrical signals

Question 39

1.)

Answer 39

semicircular canals

Question 40

2.)

Answer 40

vestibule

Question 41

3.)

Answer 41

utricle

Question 42

4.)

Answer 42

saccule

Question 43

5.)

Answer 43

cochlea

Question 44

6.)

Answer 44

cristae ampullari

Question 45

7.)

Answer 45

maculae

Question 46

8.)

Answer 46

spiral organ

Question 47

explain features of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)

Answer 47

calcium carbonate (otoliths) separated from normal attachments in inner ear float in endolymph in crista ampullari they can stimulate balance mechanism and cause feeling of spinning primary and secondary types primary: unknown cause secondary: head trauma