HISTO URINARY

Question 1

a protease important for regulation of
blood pressure by cleaving circulating angiotensinogen
to angiotensin I

Answer 1

RENIN

Question 2

a glycoprotein growth factor that stimulates erythrocyte production in red marrow
when the blood O2
level is low

Answer 2

ERYTHROPOIETIN

Question 3

in adults, each kidney has a concave medial border, the ______ where nerves enter, the ureter exits, and blood and
lymph vessels enter and exit—and a convex lateral surface,

Answer 3

hilum

Question 4

active form of the steroid prohormone vitamin D,
initially produced in the skin both covered by a thin fibrous capsule

Answer 4

CALCITRIOL

Question 5

Within the hilum of the kidney, the upper end of the ureter expands as the renal pelvis and divides into _____________________

Answer 5

two or three major calyces

Question 6

The area surrounding the renal pelvis and calyces contains ___________ tissue

Answer 6

adipose tissue.

Question 7

The parenchyma of each kidney has an outer _________, a darker stained region with many round corpuscles and
tubule cross sections

Answer 7

renal cortex

Question 8

The parenchyma of each kidney has an inner __________ consisting mostly of aligned linear tubules and ducts

Answer 8

renal medulla

Question 9

The renal medulla in humans consists of conical structures
called ____________

Answer 9

renal pyramids

Question 10

how many renal pyramids in a human kidney

Answer 10

8-15

Question 11

The tip of each renal pyramid, called the ________________, projects into a minor calyx that collects urine formed
by tubules in one renal lobe

Answer 11

renal papilla

Question 12

Each kidney contains roughly 1.25 million functional units called ________________

Answer 12

nephrons

Question 13

an initial dilated part enclosing a tuft
of capillary loops and the site of blood filtration, alwayslocated in the cortex

Answer 13

■ Renal corpuscle

Question 14

What are the major divisions of each nephron

Answer 14

RENAL CORPUSCLE
PROXIMAL TUBULE
LOOP OF HENLE

Question 15

a long convoluted part, located entirely in the cortex, with a shorter straight part that
enters the medulla

Answer 15

■ Proximal tubule

Question 16

consisting of a thick straight part ascending from the loop of Henle back into the cortex and a
convoluted part completely in the cortex

Answer 16

■ Distal tubule

Question 17

a short minor part linking the nephron to collecting ducts

Answer 17

Connecting tubule

Question 18

nephrons that are located almost completely in the cortex

Answer 18

Cortical nephrons

Question 19

Nephrons that lie close to the medulla and
have longer loops of Henle extending deeper into the medulla

Answer 19

juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 20

Blood flow going in the Kidneys

Answer 20

RENAL ARTERY- INTERLOBAR ARTERIES- ARCUATE ARTERIES- INTERLOBULAR ARTERIES- AFFERENT ARTERIOLES- GLOMERULUS

Question 21

Blood flow going outside the Kidneys

Answer 21

GLOMERULUS- EFFERENT ARTERIOLES- PERITUBULAR ARTERIES- VASA RECTA

Question 22

arteries which extend between the renal pyramids toward the corticomedullary junction

Answer 22

interlobar arteries

Question 23

a plexus of capillary
loops called the ______________, each of which is located within a
renal corpuscle where the blood is filtered

Answer 23

glomerulus

Question 24

process by which water and solutes in the blood
leave the vascular space and enter the lumen of the nephron.

Answer 24

Filtration

Question 25

process by which substances move from epithelial cells of the tubules into the lumens, usually after uptake from the surrounding interstitium and capillaries

Answer 25

Tubular secretion

Question 26

process by which substances move from the tubular lumen across the epithelium into the interstitium and surrounding capillaries

Answer 26

Tubular reabsorption

Question 27

The number of nephrons __________________ in older adults, a process accelerated by _______________________

Answer 27

decreases substantially, high blood pressure

Question 28

a tuft of glomerular capillaries, surrounded by a double-walled epithelial capsule called the ________________________

Answer 28

glomerular (Bowman) capsule

Question 29

Each renal corpuscle has a __________________, where the afferent arteriole enters and the efferent arteriole leaves, and_____________________, where the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) begins

Answer 29

vascular pole, a tubular pole

Question 30

glomerular filtrate has a chemical composition similar to that of plasma except that it contains __________________

Answer 30

very little protein

Question 31

Normally about _________ of the blood plasma entering a glomerulus is filtered into the capsular space

Answer 31

20%

Question 32

■ Physical support of capillaries within the glomerulus ■ Adjusted contractions in response to blood pressure changes, which help maintain an optimal filtration rate

Answer 32

MESANGIAL CELLS

Question 33

Reabsorption of all organic nutrients, all proteins, most water, and electrolytes; secretion of organic anions and cations, H+, and NH4 +

Answer 33

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Question 34

Passive reabsorption of Na+ and Cl–

Answer 34

Thin limbs of the Loop of Henle

Question 35

Active reabsorption of various electrolytes

Answer 35

Thick ascending limbs of the Loop of Henle

Question 36

Reabsorption of electrolytes

Answer 36

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Question 37

Responsible for regulated reabsorption of water & electrolytes; regulated secretion of K

Answer 37

Principal cells

Question 38

Responsible for Reabsorption of K+ (low-K+ diet); help maintain acid-base balance

Answer 38

Intercalated cells

Question 39

The rate of Na+ absorption in the DCT is regulated by ________________ from the adrenal glands

Answer 39

aldosterone

Question 40

Where the initial, straight part of the distal tubule contacts the arterioles at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle of its parent nephron, its cells become more columnar and closely packed, forming the __________________

Answer 40

macula densa

Question 41

extraglomerular mesangial cells that have many of the same supportive, contractile, and defensive functions as these cells inside the glomerulus.

Answer 41

Lacis Cells

Question 42

promotes Na+ and water reabsorption in the distal convoluted and connecting tubules, which raises blood volume to help increase blood pressure.

Answer 42

Aldosterone

Question 43

Principal cells are particularly rich in _____________, the integral membrane pore proteins functioning as specific channels for water molecules, but here most aquaporins are sequestered in membranous cytoplasmic vesicles.

Answer 43

aquaporins

Question 44

makes collecting ducts more permeable to water and increases the rate at which water molecules are pulled osmotically from the filtrate

Answer 44

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 45

The muscularis consists of three poorly delineated layers, collectively called the __________________, which contract to empty the bladder

Answer 45

detrusor muscle

Question 46

is a tube that carries the urine from the bladder to the exterior

Answer 46

Urethra

Question 47

extends through the prostate gland and is lined by urothelium

Answer 47

prostatic urethra

Question 48

a short segment, passes through an external sphincter of striated muscle and is lined by stratified columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

Answer 48

membranous urethra

Question 49

is enclosed within erectile tissue of the penis and is lined by stratified columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelium, with stratified squamous epithelium distally

Answer 49

spongy urethra

Question 50

The largest collecting ducts deliver filtrate into the minor calyces, where it undergoes no further modification and is called ___________.

Answer 50

urine

Question 51

Large, bulbous superficial cells of the urothelium, called ___________, have apical membranes consisting of hinged regions with dense plaques of __________________ that protect the cytoplasm

Answer 51

umbrella cells, uroplakin proteins

Question 52

Most substantial part of the filtration barrier

Answer 52

Glomerular Basement Membrane