BACTE LEC NFO Flashcards by Reign A. E.

Known as glucose fermenters, facultatively
anaerobic, and monotrichous organisms though some may exhibit peritrichous when suspended in a broth medium

VIBRIO

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The only vibrio group with positive growth in culture media with 0% NaCl

GROUP 1: V. cholerae and V. mimicus

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The only vibrio group that is strongly positive with both lysine and ornithine decarboxylase test

GROUP 1: V. cholerae and V. mimicus

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The only vibrio group that has a strongly positive reaction in growth media with 1% NaCl to ^% NaCl

GROUP 2: V. metschnikovii

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The only vibrio spp with a strong positive reaction in Myo-inositol fermentation

GROUP 3: V. cincinnatiensis

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The vibrio spp. that is negative decarboxylase and dihydrolase test

GROUP 4: Grimontia hollisae

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The only vibrio spp with a strong positive with the arginine dihydrolase test

Group 5: V. fluvialis, V. furnisii, and Photobacterium damsela

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The only vibrio group that is strongly positive with the lysine decarboxylase test

GROUP 6: V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and V. harveyi

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Causative agent of cholera

Vibrio cholerae

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Principle virulence factor of Vibrio cholerae

Choleragen (cholera enterotoxins)

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Vibrio cholerae Has a rapid darting or ____________ motility

“shooting-star”

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Vibrio cholerae Potent enterotoxins:

Zot toxin and ace toxin

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Vibrio cholerae Antigenic structures:

Somatic O and Flagellar H

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3 Major Serogroups of V. cholerae

V. cholarae O1
V. cholarae O139
V. cholarae non-O1

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main serotype causing CHOLERA

V. cholarae O1

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First identified bacteria as the causative agent of the epidemic cholera in bangladesh

V. cholarae O139

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vibrio strains that does not cause cholera

V. cholarae non-O1

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Vibrio Serogroups associated with epidemic cholera

V. cholarae O1
V. cholarae O139

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3 Serotypes of V. cholerae O1

Ogawa- Japan
Inaba- Philippines
Hikojima- India

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Two biotypes of V. cholerae O1

Classic
El tor

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biotype of V. cholerae O1 that is VP (-), does not agglutinate chicken RBCs, and is susceptible to polymyxin B

Classic Biotype

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biotype of V. cholerae O1 that is VP(+), agglutinate chicken RBCs, and resistant to polymyxin B

El Tor Biotype

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predominant biogroup causing pandemics

El Tor Biotype

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other name of cholera

Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera

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Choleragen mechanism invovles Toxins binding to the intestinal receptors _______________

GM1 ganglioside

Cholera Toxin (Choleragen) Activates ______________________, increasing cAMP levels.

adenylate cyclase

Cholera Toxin (Choleragen) Causes massive electrolyte & water secretion leading to ____________________

severe diarrhea

Second most common Vibrio causing gastroenteritis (after V. cholerae).

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

etiologic agent of Summer Diarrhea

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Vibrio parahaemolyticus First identified in ______________ in a large food poisoning outbreak.

JAPAN 1950

Vibrio parahaemolyticus Found in ___________________ environments worldwide

coastal & estuarine

Vibrio parahaemolyticus that emerged in 1996, causing global outbreaks.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus Pandemic strain O3:K6

Vibrio parahaemolyticus Symptoms appear ________________ after ingestion of contaminated seafood.

24–48 hours

possible association between hemolysin production and virulence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Kanagawa phenomenon

Most strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus produce a heat-stable hemolysin - observed in ____________________ agar (a high-salt mannitol agar)

Wagatsuma agar

presence of Kanagawa phenomenon on Wagatsuma Agar

Kanagawa toxin-positive

Second most serious Vibrio-associated infection after V. cholerae

Vibrio vulnificus

Vibrio vulnificus also known as the “___________________” Vibrio species

Lactose Positive

types of infection caused by Vibrio vulnificus

- Primary Septicemia - Wound Infections

vibrio infection that occurs after consuming raw shellfish, especially oysters

Primary Septicemia

vibrio infection that results from traumatic aquatic injuries

Wound Infections

Least pathogenic of the four major Vibrio species in clinical settings.

Vibrio alginolyticus

Vibrio alginolyticus is Common in marine environments and is a _________________ requiring 1%–10% NaCl for growth

strict halophile

Vibrio alginolyticus rarely cause __________________ but are mostly linked to _______________________

Gastrointestinal illnesses, Extraintestinal Infections

vibrio spp are Known to be halophilic except ____________ and ______________

V. cholarae and V. mimicus

vibrio spp. Common isolates:

- V. cholerae (serogroups O1 and non-O1) - V. parahaemolyticus - V. vulnificus - V. alginolyticus

Vibrio in are described in Microscopy as : Gram-negative, short, and curved rod (“comma-shaped” bacillus); with ____________________ motility

rapid darting/ shooting star

Culture Characteristics of Vibrio in BAP: Medium to large, smooth, opaque, _______________________ hue

iridescent with a greenish hue

__________________ can be beta-hemolytic vibrio spp.

- V. cholerae - V. fluvialis - V. mimicus

Culture Characteristics of Vibrio in MAC: Colorless (NLF) except _________________

V. vulnificus (LF)

Vibrio spp are _______ according to preferred pH

Alkalophiles (pH: 8.6)

Vibrio spp are Catalase, Oxidase and Nitrate reduction positive except _________________

V. metschnikovii

Vibrio spp are ______________ to 150-ug vibriostatic O/129 disk in Mueller Hinton Agar

Susceptible

Vibrio spp are ___________ in string test due to presence of mucoid “stringing” reaction after emulsification in 0.5% sodium deoxycholate

Positive String test

VIBRIO Biochem TSIA test results

A/A Gas (-) H2S (-)

VIBRIO Biochem LIA test results

K/K

Vibrio spp. with Citrate (+) test

V. cholarae

Vibrio spp. with Indole (+) test

V. cholarae, V. mimicus, V.parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus

Vibrio spp. with Lysine Decarboxylase test (+)

V. cholarae, V. mimicus, V.parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and V. alginolyticus

All vibrio spp. are _________________ in Glucose fermentation

Positive

All vibrio spp. are _________________ Maltose fermentation except ____________________

Positive, Grimontii hollisae

All vibrio spp. are _________________ Mannitol fermentation except ______________ and ______________

Positive, Photobacterium damsela, G. hollisae

All vibrio spp. F_________________ in Lactose, Cellobiose and Salicin Fermentation except ____________________

Negative, V. vulnificus

All vibrio spp. are _________________ in Arabinose Fermentation except ______________________

Negative, V. metschnikovii, V. fluvialis, G. hollisae

Test that differentiates the Vibrio spp from Aeromonas and Plesiomonas

String Test

String Test reagent

0.5% sodium deoxycholate

String Test reagent (+) Result

DNA can be pulled up into a viscous string using an inoculating loop

Test used to separate vibrios from other oxidase-positive, glucose fermenters like aeromonads

Vibriostatic O/129 test

Bacteria positive in String Test

Vibrio spp.

Bacteria negative in String Test

Aeromonas and Plesiomonas

Bacteria susceptible in Vibriostatic O/129 test

Vibrio spp.

Bacteria resistant in Vibriostatic O/129 test

aeromonads

Vibriostatic O/129 test medium used

Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) or trypticase soy agar (TSA)

Differential and selective medium used to isolate Vibrio spp. from stool specimens

Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile Salts-Sucrose Agar

TCBS agar inhibitors for gram-positive cocci and gram-negative rods

Sodium Citrate, Sodium thiosulfate, oxgall

TCBS agar pH indicator

Bromothymol blue and thymol blue

TCBS agar carbohydrate source

Sucrose

___________ pH enhances the growth of Vibrio

Alkaline

TCBS agar result for positive sucrose fermentation

Yellow to Orange color

TCBS Sucrose fermenters: ______________________________________

- V. cholarae - V. alginolyticus - V. metschnikovii - V. fluvialis - V. furnissii - V. cincinnatiensis

TCBS Non-sucrose fermenters (Green Colonies)

- V. mimicus - V. vulnificus - V. parahaemolyticus

Other organisms, such as Pseudomonas, Plesiomonas, and Aeromonas, can grow on TCBS agar and usually produce ________ colonies

Blue

Enrichment medium with: * pH: 8.4 * 1% NaCl used to grow Vibrio spp.

Alkaline Peptone Water

APW is to be Subcultured within ___________ hours.

12 to 18

Generally considered sufficient for most clinical laboratories to screen their presumptive V. cholerae isolates using antiserum

Polyvalent O1 antiserum

Strains that phenotypically resemble V. cholerae but fail to agglutinate in O1 antisera are referred to as __________________

V. cholerae non-O1

There are over 27 species of Aeromonas, but ____________________and ______________ are commonly found in clinical specimens.

8 Species, two biovars

Characterized as: * Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, glucose-fermenting rods * Facultatively anaerobic and motile with single polar flagellum * Found in freshwater, estuarine, chlorinated water like tap water and marine environments.

Aeromonas spp.

Aeromonas spp. are ________ of the indigenous human microbiota

NOT part

Causes infections in humans, amphibians and reptiles

Aeromonas spp.

Aeromonas spp. is the causative agent of ____________ disease in amphibians

Red-leg

5 Diarrheal presentations of Aeromonas

- Acute sensory Diarrhea - Dysenteric Diarrhea - Chronic Diarrhea - Cholera-like Diarrhea - Traveler's Diarrhea

All Aeromonas species can grow in temperatures __________________

10 deg C to 42 deg C.

Two Groups of Aeromonas spp.

Mesophilic Group Psychrophilic Group

This group is composed of motile species and is frequently encountered in clinical samples.

Mesophilic Group

Mesophilic Group optimal growth is at _______.

37 deg C

most common isolate of Mesophilic Aeromonas spp.

Aeromonas caviae

Common agent of Aeromonas GI infection

Aeromonas caviae

Agents of Aeromonas hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS):

A. hydrophilia and A. veronii biovar sobria

Common cause of Aeromonas cholera-like disease

A. veronii biovar sobria

Agent of Aeromonas wound infection

A. hydrophilia subsp. hydrophilia

Aeromonas that Produces elastase, pectinase, stapholysin

A. hydrophilia complex

non motile Aeromonas Group

Psychrophilic Group

Psychrophilic Group Grows best at ____________ temperature

25 deg C and lower temps

Aeromonas Psychrophilic Group which is a fish pathogen and produces melanin-like pigmentation on agar medium

A. salmonicida

Characteristic of Aeromonas in SBA:

Most clinical species display Beta hemolysis

Characteristic of Aeromonas in MAC:

Colonies exhibit a pink color

Characteristic of Aeromonas in CIN:

Colonies show a bulls eye appearance due to mannitol fermentation.

Aeromonas Salt Tolerance test result

Negative

Aeromonas Vibriostatic O/129 test result

Resistant

Aeromonas Inositol Fermentation test result

Negative

Aeromonas String Test result

Negative

All Aeromonas are Sucrose and Mannitol Fermenter except ____________

A. salmonicida

Aeromonas A/A TSI Reaction:

A. caviae, A. hydrophila, and A. veronii

Aeromonas that are Positive Indole Test:

A. caviae, A. hydrophila, and A. veronii.

Aeromonas K/A or A/A, Gas (+), H2S (-), TSI Reaction:

A. schubertii and A. salmonicida

A. hydrophila IMVIC results

(+,-,+,+)

A. caviae IMVIC results

(+,+,-,+)

Bacteria with ff biochem results: Oxidase (+) Indole (+) Hemolysis on SBA (V) String Test (-) Vibriostatic O/129 test (R) Growth in in 0% NaCl (G) Inositol Fermenter (-) Glucose Fermenter (+)

AEROMONAS

Bacteria with ff biochem results: Oxidase (+) Indole (+) Hemolysis on SBA (-) String Test (-) Vibriostatic O/129 test (R) Growth in in 0% NaCl (G) Inositol Fermenter (+) Glucose Fermenter (+)

Plesiomonas

Bacteria with ff biochem results: Oxidase (-) Indole (V) Hemolysis on SBA (V) String Test (+) Vibriostatic O/129 test (S) Growth in in 0% NaCl (NG) Inositol Fermenter (-) Glucose Fermenter (+)

Vibrio

Bacteria with ff biochem results: Oxidase (+) Indole (-) Hemolysis on SBA (V) String Test (-) Vibriostatic O/129 test (R) Growth in in 0% NaCl (G) Inositol Fermenter (-) Glucose Fermenter (-)

Pseudomonas

bacteria that is Motile by a single polar flagellum and secretes oxidase

Campylobacter

Campylobacter spp. are Faintly staining, Gram-negative, small, curved or S- shaped “______________” rods

Seagull wing rods

Campylobacter spp. Grows best at ______ deg C and are microaerophilic and capnophilic

42 deg C

Campylobacter spp. Grows best at _____ nitrogen, ______ oxygen, and ________ CO2

80%, 5%, 10%

An animal pathogen (cattle and swine) that causes sterility and abortion

Campylobacter spp.

What are the Enteric campylobacters

- C. jejuni - C. coli - C. lari - C. rectus

Campylobacter that are Agents of bacteremia:

- C. lari - C. fetus subsp. fetus

commonly isolated Campylobacter spp in blood cultures

- C. fetus subsp. fetus

Campylobacter that causes Periodontal Disease:

- C. concisus - C. curvus - C. rectus - C. showae

Campylobacter jejuni have a _____________ motility on hanging drop preparation

Darting Motility

Campylobacter jejuni are Unable to grow in media with _________________________

a high salt concentration

_______________________ is the Most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis or known as “_________________”

Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni global diarrhea

Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni Mode of acquisition:

Eating contaminated chicken and turkeys

Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni is a causative agent of an extraintestinal infection named _________________________

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Biochemical test result for Campylobacter spp.

Oxidase and Catalase (+) Nitrate reduction (+) Hippurate Hydrolysis (+) Urease (-)

preferred specimen for Campylobacter spp.

Feces, rectal swab and blood

In microscopy of Campylobacter spp. ________________ is used as a counter stain

Carbol-fuchsin

In microscopy of Campylobacter spp if safranin is used to counterstain the time will be extended to ___________ minutes

2-3 minutes

alternative stain to Carbol-fuchsin

Acridine Orange

typical motility of Campylobacter is seen if suspended in ________

TSB

Initial reading of culture plates and tubes of Campylobacter is best _____________ of inoculation

after 48 hours

Campylobacter jejuni & enteric Campylobacter spp. must follow _____°C incubation for optimal growth and inhibition of normal gut flora.

42 deg C

Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus must be Incubate at _______ deg C (growth suppressed at 42°C)

37 deg C

Agar used for Cultivation of Campylobacter

Skirrow Agar Butzler Medium

Base and Selective agent of Skirrow agar

* Blood Agar base * Selective agents: vancomycin, trimethoprim, polymyxin B

Base and Selective agent of Butzler Medium

* Blood Agar base * Selective agents: bacitracin, colistin, novobiocin,

antifungal agent of Campylobacter Cultivation plates

Amphotericin B

* Found in the GI tract of mammals and birds * Motile by monopolar flagellum or multi-bipolar flagella * Microaerophiles and capnophilic * Route of transmission: Oral-oral route; fecal- oral route

Helicobacter spp.

Agent of Helicobacter gastritis

H. pylori and H. felis

Agent of Helicobacter colitis

H. cinaedi and H. fennelliae

H. pylori main habitat

human gastric mucosa

Only significant member of the genus Helicobacter that may utilize glucose fermentatively or oxidatively.

H. pylori

Helicobacter that is the Major cause of gastritis type B, peptic ulcer, gastric carcinoma

H. pylori

H. pylori virulence factor that allows it to escape the stomach’s pH and burrow through and colonize

Motility

H. pylori virulence factor that allows it to hydrolyze urea- forming ammonia (NH3) → increases pH

Urease

H. pylori protein that is injected into the epithelial cells inducing cytokine release and altering cell structure

CagA

H. pylori gene that produces the Exotoxin A, which creates vacuoles in epithelial cells, decreases apoptosis, and loosens cell junctions

VacA

H. pylori gene that produces the pathogenicity island which encodes a Type IV secretion system for transferring CagA proteins to host cells

CagA

H. pylori gene that encodes outer membrane protein: mediates adherence to blood group antigens on the surface of gastric epithelial cells

BabA

H. pylori gene in which its presence is associated with peptic ulcer disease in some populations

IceA

H. pylori binds with ___________ and the monosaccharide sialic acid

Lewis Antigen

Specimen of choice of Helicobacter spp.

Gastric tissue, urine, feces, saliva and dental plaque

best specimen for culture of Helicobacter pylori

gastric tissue

specimen used for ammonia testing of Helicobacter pylori

urine

Biochem test for Helicobacter pylori

Oxidase and Catalase (+) Urease (+) Urea breath Test (+)

____________ counterstain is used to enhance the morphology of H. pylori

0.1% basic fuchsin

H. pylori Preferred stains: ______________ (silver stain) and _____________ (eosin and methylene blue)

Warthin-Starry Stain, Giemsa stain

H. pylori May require more than ______ of incubation in a microaerophilic environment

5 days

H. pylori oxygen and CO2 requirement

5% to 10% O2 5% to 12% CO2

Bacteria with the ff biochem test result: Catalase (+) Nitrate Reduction (+) Urease (-) H2S Production (-) Hippurate Hydrolysis (+) Growth at 42 deg C (+)

Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni

Bacteria with the ff biochem test result: Catalase (+) Nitrate Reduction (+) Urease (-) H2S Production (-) Hippurate Hydrolysis (-) Growth at 25 deg C (+)

Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus

Bacteria with the ff biochem test result: Catalase (+) Nitrate Reduction (-) Urease (+) H2S Production (-) Hippurate Hydrolysis (+) Growth at 25 deg C (+)

Helicobacter Pylori

BACTE LEC NFO Flashcards

(174 cards)