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PARASITOLOGY 1st Topic Flashcards

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1
Q

can become parasitic or
survive outside the host

A

Free living Amoeba

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2
Q

the mode of replication by N. fowleri trophozoite

A

Promitosis

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3
Q

Naegleria spp. are ________________________
which thrive best in hot springs and other warm
aquatic environments

A

thermophilic organisms

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4
Q

N. fowleri trophozoites are found in ___________________ and ______ , while flagellated forms are
occasionally found in _____. Cysts are not seen
in _______________

A

cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF), tissue

CSF

brain tissue

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5
Q

N. fowleri are Motile, by means of __________________

A

blunt, rounded
pseudopodia

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6
Q

Infective stage of N. fowleri

A

Trophozoite stage

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7
Q

Diagnostic Stage of N. fowleri

A

Trophozoite in CSF and Tissue

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8
Q

N. fowleri most common form found in the environment is the
______________________

A

trophozoite stage.

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9
Q

where does N. fowleri enter the brain once attached in the ________________ and migrate to the brain through the ________________

A

nasal mucosa, Olfactory Nerves

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10
Q

N. fowleri is the causative agent of a rare but rapidly destructive and fatal
meningoencephalitis termed ________________________________

A

primary amebic
meningoencephalitis (PAM)

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11
Q

Naegleria trophozoites can be identified by
the presence of _____________________ and
_____________________

A

blunt, lobose pseudopodia , directional motility

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12
Q

_______________ in combination with
__________________ is synergistic, and has been
successfully used to treat PAM

A

Amphotericin B, clotrimazole

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13
Q

_________________________ produces deleterious changes in the nucleus and mitochondria of the ameba, decreases
the number of food vacuoles, and increases
the formation of autophagic vacuoles

A

Amphotericin B

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14
Q

Ameba exposed to ___________________ exhibit decreased
pseudopod formation and form blebs on
the plasma membrane.

A

amphotericin B

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15
Q

N. fowleri’s specialized feeding structures that help in phagocytosis and ingestion of host cells.

A

Amoebastome (“food cups”)

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16
Q

Allow the survival and growth of N. fowleri in warm temperatures

A

Heat Shock Proteins

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17
Q

Infection of N. fowleri can be prevented through _________________ of water at _____, or higher
especially in swimming pools

A

Chlorination, 1ppm

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18
Q

Staining N. fowleri with Wright or Giemsa stains or Fluorescent stains – Appeared as
____________ nuclei with ___________ cytoplasm

A

small pink, sky blue

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19
Q

is a ubiquitous, free-living
ameba that is the etiologic agent of AK and GAE

A

Acanthamoeba spp.

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20
Q

diseases caused by Acanthamoeba spp.

A

Acanthamoeba keratitis and Granulomatous amebic encephalitis

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21
Q

Acanthamoeba is
characterized by an ________________ stage
with characteristic prominent “thorn-like”
appendages _______________________

A

active trophozoite, acanthopodia

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22
Q

Motile trophozoites of Acanthamoeba spp. feed on __________________________

A

gram negative bacteria, blue-green algae, or yeasts

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23
Q

Acanthamoeba spp. trophozoite reproduce by _________

A

Mitosis

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24
Q

infective stage of the Acanthamoeba spp.

A

Trophozoite stage

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25
Examples of naturally-occurring bacterial endosymbionts in Acanthamoeba spp.
Legionella spp., mycobacteria, and gram-negative bacilli such as E. coli
26
Incubation period of PAM
2-15 days (Average 5 days)
27
associated with the use of improperly disinfected soft contact lenses, particularly those which are rinsed with tap water or contaminated lens solution.
Acanthamoeba keratitis
28
GAE usually occurs in _______________________ hosts
immunocompromised
29
most virulent Acanthamoeba spp; binds more firmly to host cell membrane surfaces
T4 genotype
30
Acanthamoeba spp. that are Usually more associated with ocular infection and keratitis
A. castellani & A. polyphaga
31
Acanthamoeba spp. that are Usually more associated with Acanthamoeba granulomatous encephalitis
A. culbertsoni
32
Acanthamoeba spp. incubation period from initial inoculation is about ______
10 days
33
Virulence factors of Acanthamoeba spp.
Mannose-binding protein Contact-dependent metalloproteinase and several contact-independent serine proteinases
34
mediates adhesion by recognizing and binding to mannose residues on the surface of host cells, particularly on corneal epithelial cells
Mannose-binding protein
35
The likely method taken by Acanthamoeba spp. to enter the CNS
Hematogenous
36
Acanthamoeba spp. neural tissue postmortem reveals cerebral hemispheres that are ___________________, with areas of ____________________
edematous and soft hemorrhage and focal abscesses
37
Acanthamoeba spp. most affected areas of the brain are the ___________________________________
posterior fossa structures, thalamus, and the brainstem.
38
Acanthamoeba keratitis is diagnosed by ______________________________ for recoverable ameba with characteristic staining patterns on histologic analysis.
epithelial biopsy or corneal scrapings
39
destruction of brain tissue and the associated meningeal irritation.
Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis
40
Medical treatment of AK (acanthamoeba keratitis)
clotrimazole combined with pentamidine, isethionate, and neosporin
41
Clinically apparent neurologic disease in GAE usually heralds a fatal outcome within _____________________
3 to 40 days
42
In GAE, Parasite adhesion and damage to endothelial cell is made possible by secreting the _________________________
mannose-binding protein
43
if the acanthamoeba infection is confined to more superficial areas. _____________________is the procedure of choice.
Deep lamellar keratectomy
44
Clinically apparent neurologic disease in GAE usually heralds a fatal outcome within _________________________.
3 to 40 days
45
All stages of development of Cryptosporidium hominis are completed in the ______________________ of the host
gastrointestinal tract
46
Oocysts produced by C. hominis are found in the ______ of humans and other animals
feces
47
the oocyst of C. hominis contains ________________, which are present at the time of passage into the feces
four sporozoites
48
Infective stage of C. hominis
Thick walled oocyte
49
The oocyst of C. hominis is infectious and when ingested, the sporozoites attach to the surface of ___________________________________-
epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract
50
The sporozoites of C. hominis develop into ___________________ and become _____________________ but _______________c, and attach to the brush borders.
small trophozoites, intracellular, extracytoplasmi
51
The trophozoites of C. hominis divide by ________ producing __________ that infect other cells
schizogony, merozoites
52
The ________________ of C. hominis infect other enterocytes thus resulting in autoinfection, which is possibly responsible for the chronicity of the infection among the immunocompromised
thin-walled oocysts
53
the ____________________ of C. hominis are passed out with the feces that may contaminate food and water, which are ingested by the same or another host
thick-walled oocysts
54
Cryptosporidiosis hominis may present as a self-limiting diarrhea lasting for ___________________
2 to 3 weeks
55
There are several methods of stool examination that will reveal C. hominis oocyst. _____________________ and the ____________________ are commonly used
Sheather’s sugar flotation, Formalin ether/ethyl acetate concentration technique
56
_______________ is routinely used with the C. hominis oocysts appearing as red-pink doughnut-shaped circular organisms in a blue background
Kinyoun’s modified acidfast stain
57
reported effective treatment for Cryptosporidiosis hominis
Nitazoxanide
58
Swimming pool disinfection with 3 to 5 mg/L of chlorine _____________ the C. hominis oocysts
does not kill
59
most common mode of transmission of C. hominis is from ________________________
one person to another
60
Cyclospora cayetanensis was thought to be a member of __________________because it showed photosynthesizing organelles and autofluorescing particles characteristic of the blue green algae.
cyanobacteria
61
The first stage of the life cycle of C. cayetenensis
Ingestion of sporulated oocysts, containing 2 sporocysts and 2 sporozoites
62
The released sporozoites C. cayetenensis invade the _____________________, although the site of predilection was found to be the ___________
epithelial cells of the small intestines, jejunum
63
Multiple fissions of the C. cayetenensis sporozoites take place inside the cells to produce meronts, which contain _______________ merozoites during the first generation, and only ___________ merozoites in the second generation
8 to 12, 4
64
The oocysts C. cayetenensis undergo complete sporulation within _______________ in a warm environment.
7 to 12 days
65
Infective stage of C. cayetenensis
Sporulated oocysts
66
Initial symptoms of cyclosporiasis include ____________________ and ________________, which may occur ______________________ after exposure.
malaise and low grade fever, 12 to 24 hours
67
recommended method of sample and procedure for the diagnosis of cyclosporiasis
Direct microscopic examination of fecal smears under high magnification (400x)
68
Drug recommended for cyclosporiasis
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 160/800 mg twice daily for 7 days
69
Diagnostic stage of C. cayentenensis
Unsporulated oocysts
70
Diagnostic stage of C. hominis
thick walled oocysts (sporulated)
71
causative agent of a medical condition affecting the small bowel called cystoisosporiasis
Cystoisospora belli
72
Cystoisospora belli sporulated oocyst contains ___________________ each containing _______________________
two sporocysts, four sporozoites (infective stage)
73
Sporulation of Cystoisospora belli usually occurs within _______________________ after passage with the stool.
48 hours
74
oocysts C. belli can be seen in a fecal smear stained by a _______________________________, where they stain granular red color against a green background
modified Ziehl-Neelsen method
75
Poeple infected with cystoisospora Mucosal bowel biopsy may reveal _________________ and _________________
flattened mucosa and damaged villi
76
treatment for cystoisosporadiasis
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 160/800 mg four times per day for 10 days, then two times per day for 3 weeks
77
the only known hosts of C. belli`
humans
78
Toxoplasma gondii infective stage
tachyzoite, the bradyzoite, and the oocyst
79
Toxoplasma gondii definitive host
members of the cat family
80
extraintestinal asexual stage of Toxoplasma gondii
Tachyzoites and bradyzoites
81
Toxoplasma gondii oocysts complete sporulation within __________________ days.
three to four
82
Inside the mature oocyst of Toxoplasma gondii , ____ sporocysts are formed, each having _____ sporozoites
two, four
83
fast multiplying stage of T. gondii
Tachyzoites
84
slow multiplying stage of T. gondii
Bradyzoites
85
Asexual multiplication of T. gondii
endodyogeny
86
Organelles of T. gondii, such as ______________________, which are associated with cell penetration, are found in a short conoid on the anterior end.
rhoptries and micronemes
87
Among the immunocompromised patients, the most common manifestation of toxoplasmosis is ____________________
encephalitis
88
test used for the identification of T. gondii
Sabin-Feldman methylene blue dye test
89
Treatment for T gondii
pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine used in combination for 1 month
90
parasite that lacks a cell wall
Blastocystis hominis
91
most predominant forms in fecal specimens of B. hominis
Vacuolated form
92
The ________________ are considered to be the main type of Blastocystis that cause diarrhea.
vacuolar forms
93
this stage allows the parasite B. hominis to ingest bacteria in order to enhance encystment
amebic form
94
stain used to differentiate the different stages of B. hominis
Hematoxylin and Trichrome
95
Drug of choice for treatment of B. hominis
Metronidazole

2A MIDTERMS (20 decks)

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