Immunology Flashcards
(116 cards)
0
Q
What are the specific defenses of the first line of immunity?
A
Sloughing off of cells, coughing and sneezing, flushing, vomiting, mucous and cilia
1
Q
What are the first lines of defense against pathogens?
A
Physical and mechanical barriers like skin and the linings of the GI, GU, and respiratory tracts
2
Q
What are the biochemical barriers our bodies have against toxins?
A
Synthesized and secreted saliva, tears, ear wax, sweat, mucus, and gastric pH; antimicrobial peptides; and normal bacteria flora
3
Q
What is the body’s second line of defense against pathogens?
A
Inflammatory response
4
Q
What causes the inflammatory response?
A
Infection, mechanical damage, ischemia, nutrient deprivation, temperature extremes, and radiation
5
Q
How does the inflammatory response protect the human body?
A
Neutralizing, elimination, or destroying organisms that invade the internal environment
6
Q
What is the individual recognition on each of our cells that makes up the unique universal product code for each person?
A
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
7
Q
About how many antigens make up the HLAs?
A
40
8
Q
Provides immediate protection against the effects of tissue injury and foreign proteins
A
Inflammation
9
Q
What kind of damage can result from excessive inflammatory response?
A
Heart attack, stroke, and other tissue damage
10
Q
A process that occurs in response to tissue injury and to the invasion of organisms
A
Infection
11
Q
What generally accompanies infection?
A
Inflammation
12
Q
Nonspecific ingestion of microorganisms and foreign proteins; kills infection
A
Neutrophils
13
Q
Ingestion and phagocytosis
A
Macrophages
14
Q
Releases histamine and heparin with tissue damage
A
Basophils
15
Q
Why is heparin released with tissue damage?
A
To prevent clot formation and help healing
16
Q
Weak phagocytic and vasoactive amines during allergic reactions
A
Eosinophils
17
Q
Immune response of phagocytes, cytotoxic lymphocytes, and cytokines
A
Cell mediated immunity
18
Q
What kind of lymphocytes does antibody mediated immunity use?
A
B lymphocytes
19
Q
What do B lymphocytes do?
A
Formation of antibodies
20
Q
Defense against invading foreign microorganisms
A
IgG
21
Q
Activation of B cells and circulating antibodies
A
Antibody mediated immunity
22
Q
Secretory protein on mucous membranes and outer body skin surfaces
A
IgA
23
Q
Blood group markers that probably stimulate autoimmune diseases and responses
A
IgM
24
Mediates allergic and hypersensitivity reactions, protects against parasitic infections
IgE
25
Regulates lymphocyte activation and suppression
IgD
26
What is the most common immunoglobulin?
IgG
27
Which immunoglobulin is the first line of defense?
IgA
28
Which lymphocyte is involved in cell mediated immunity?
T lymphocytes
29
What initiates cell mediated immunity?
Macrophages
30
What types of cells can T lymphocytes differentiate into?
Helper/inducer, suppressor, and killer cells
31
Selectively targets non-self cells like viruses, grafts, and transplants
T Cells
32
Non-selectively attacks non-self cells, especially cancer cells
Killer T Cells
33
These cells become sensitive to foreign cells and proteins
B Cells
34
Small protein hormones produced by WBCs like interleukin, TNF and erythropoietin
Cytokines
35
What three components make up immune competence?
Cell mediated immunity, antibody mediated immunity, and inflammation
36
What is the sequence of inflammatory response?
Vascular, Cellular Exudates, Tissue Repair and Replacement
37
What is the purpose of cellular exudates?
They take away debris
38
What changes in the blood vessels occur during inflammation?
Constriction, hyperemia, and edema
39
Clumping of foreign particles to keep them together and expel them
Agglutination
40
What produces antibodies?
B lymphocytes
41
Natural immunity
Innate-Native Immunity
42
Body learns to make or receives antibodies
Adaptive immunity
43
Antigen enters, body makes specific antibody
Active immunity
44
Antigen enters without assistance
Natural active Immunity
45
Vaccination (does not cause disease attenuated)
Artificial active immunity
46
Immunity passed, not created; short acting then destroyed
Passive immunity
47
Name examples of natural passive immunity
Breast milk, colostrum, or placenta
48
Name some examples of artificial passive immunity
Rabies, snake bites, immunoglobulin shots
49
Name examples of Natural Active Immunity
Getting the disease
50
Name examples of Artificial Active Immunity
Vaccines
51
What type of immunity is the most effective and longest lasting?
Natural Active Immunity
52
Immunity through having the disorder
Adaptive Immunity
53
Where are the T cells like natural killer cells and cytokines produced?
Thymus Gland
54
Type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the innate immune system by rejecting tumors and cells infected by viruses
Natural Killer Cells
55
How do natural killer cells work?
Release small cytoplasmic granules of proteins that are programmed to cause the death of the target cell
56
Why are natural killer cells "natural"?
They don't require any activation in order to kill any cell missing the "self" marker
57
What is the purpose of suppressor cells?
To prevent overreaction and hypersensitivity
58
How does cell mediated immunity help to protect the body?
Through the ability to differentiate self from non-self and preventing the development of cancer and metastasis after exposure to carcinogens
59
What kind of problems can T cells and NK cells cause?
Hyper acute, acute, and chronic organ rejection
60
What drugs are used to prevent transplant rejection?
Sandimune, prednisone, prograf, cell cept, and imuran
61
Increased or excessive response to the presence of an antigen to which the patient has been exposed
Hypersensitivities
62
Atopic allergy; this is the most common type of hypersensitivity
Type 1 Rapid Hypersensitivity Reactions
63
In what ways can allergens be contacted?
Inhalation, ingestion, and contact
64
What is the best intervention for allergies?
Avoidance therapy
65
What are the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis?
Feeling of uneasiness, pruritus urticaria, erythema, angioedema of the eyes, lips, or tongue, bronchoconstriciton, congestion, rhinorrhea, and dyspnea
66
What drugs can be used to treat allergies?
Decongestants, antihistamines, corticosteriods, mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene antagonists, complementary and alternative therapies, and desensitization therapy
67
What are the nursing interventions for a patient with anaphylaxis?
Establish airway, epinephrine, antihistamines, oxygen, and fluids
68
Hypersensitivity reaction in which the body makes special autoantibodies directed against self cells that have some form of foreign protein attached to them
Type 2 Cytotoxic Reaction
69
Hypersensitivity reaction in which excess antigens cause immune complexes to form in the blood and lodge in small blood vessels
Type 3 Immune Complex Reactions
70
What are clinical examples of cytotoxic reactions?
Hemolytic anemias, thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic transfusion reactions, Goodpasture's syndrome, and drug induced hemolytic anemia
71
What can immune complex reactions result in?
Inflammation, causing tissue or vessel damage
72
Where do immune complexes generally settle?
Kidneys, skin, joints, and small blood vessels
73
What are the clinical manifestations of immune complex reactions?
Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, and Serum sickness
74
Hypersensitivity reaction in which a local collection of lymphocytes and macrophages cause edema, induration, ischemia, and tissue damage
Type 4 Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions
75
What is the reactive cell in a type 4 reaction?
T Lymphocyte
76
What are the clinical manifestations of Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions?
Contact dermatitis, insect stings, tissue transplant rejection, sarcoidosis, and Positive PPDs
77
Hypersensitivity reaction in which excess stimulation of a normal cell surface receptor by an autoantibody results in a continuous "turned-on" state for the cell
Type 5 Stimulatory Reaction
78
What is the clinical manifestation of stimulatory reactions?
Graves' disease
79
What is the most common type of allergic reaction?
Contact Dermatitis
80
The process whereby a person develops an inappropriate immune response and antibodies and/or lymphocytes are directed against healthy normal cells and tissues
Autoimmunity
81
Chronic, progressive, inflammatory connective tissue disorder that can cause major body organs and systems to fail
Lupus Erythematosus
82
What is the characteristic symptom of Lupus?
Spontaneous remissions and exacerbations
83
In patients with Lupus, what do the autoimmune complexes tend to be attracted to?
Glomeruli of the Kidneys
84
What are the two types of Lupus?
Dermoid and Systemic
85
What are the signs and symptoms of Lupus?
Skin involvement (butterfly rash), polyarthritis, osteonecrosis, muscle atrophy, fever and fatigue, renal involvement, pleural effusions, pericarditis, Raynaud's phenomenon, and neurologic manifestations
86
What is the treatment for Lupus?
Prednisone, tylenol or NSAIDs, immunosuppressive agents
87
How is Lupus diagnosed?
Skin biopsy, CBC, body system function assessment, and the presence of C-reactive protein
88
Group of problems that often appear with other autoimmune disorders, such as dry eyes, dry mucous membranes of the nose and mouth, vaginal dryness, and insufficient tears
Sjogren's Syndrome
89
How is Sjogren's Syndrome treated?
Can be slowed by suppressing immune and inflammatory responses
90
Autoimmune disorder in which autoantibodies are made against the glomerular basement membrane and neutrophils of the lungs and kidneys
Goodpasture's Syndrome
91
What are the signs and symptoms of Goodpasture's Syndrome?
SOB, hemoptysis, decreased urine output, weight gain, edema, hypertension, and tachycardia
92
What is the treatment for Goodpasture's Syndrome?
High dose corticosteroids
93
What is the most common secondary immunogenicity disease in the world?
AIDs
94
What type of virus is HIV?
Single stranded retrovirus
95
What cells should an HIV positive patient watch?
CD4
96
What kinds of opportunistic infections occur in HIV positive patients?
Pneumocystis pneumonia, meningitis, encephalitis, herpes simplex virus, gastroenteritis, shingles, TB, Kaposi's Sarcoma, oral yeast infection, and oral "hairy" leukoplakia
97
What is the distinction between HIV and AIDS?
The number of CD4 cells and whether any opportunistic infections have occured
98
At what CD4 count is a HIV patient considered to have AIDS?
Less than 200
99
What are the clinical categories of HIV?
Asymptomatic, Symptomatic by early, and AIDS
100
What is a normal CD4 count?
Greater than 650
101
What nursing interventions should be used with an AIDS patient?
Reduce risk of infection, mouth care, pressure ulcer care, support group, safe sex, and watch for signs and symptoms of neurologic infections
102
What are the types of drugs prescribed to slow the growth of the HIV virus?
Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
103
When are NARTI drugs contraindicated?
In patients with abnormal liver function tests
104
What are the screening tools for HIV?
Oral fluid, Urine tests, RNA tests, ETA Enzyme Immunoassay tests
105
What kind of drugs inhibit viral replication?
Protease Inhibitors
106
What should patients taking protease inhibitors be educated on?
Take them with food, may cause dizziness, never stop taking them, may cause low blood pressures
107
What is the window for developing HIV antibodies?
25 days usually, but it could take up to 6 months
108
The ability to recognize self versus non-self, which is necessary to prevent healthy body cells from being destroyed along with invaders
Self-Tolerance
109
When is immune function most efficient?
In 20s-30s
110
What precautions should be used on an HIV positive patient?
Standard
111
If a patient is having an allergic response to IV medication, what should you do?
Change the tubing and instill normal saline
112
Which monoclonal antibody is being investigated for benefit to patients with severe Sjogren Syndrome?
Rituximab
113
How is Goodpasture's syndrome treated?
Kidney supportive or replacement therapy
114
Who is HIV most prevalent in?
Women
115
What does the HIV virus do to CD4 cells?
Removes them from circulation, making the immune system weaker
