Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Illness and Patho 1 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

(101 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Disease of the basal ganglia

A

Parkinson’s Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Parkinson’s characterized by?

A

Slowing down in the initiation and execution of movement, increased muscle tone, tremors at rest, and impaired postural reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who is Parkinson’s more common in?

A

Men older than 50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the pathology of Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra of the midbrain, disrupting the dopamine-acetylcholine balance in basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is dopamine essential for the normal functioning of?

A

Posture, support, and voluntary motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When do the symptoms of Parkinson’s begin?

A

After 80% of the neurons in the substantia nigra are gone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the hallmark of Parkinson’s?

A

Cogwheel rigidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the rigidity in Parkinson’s caused by?

A

Sustained muscle contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the nursing interventions for patients with Parkinson’s?

A

Fall risk, aspiration risk, nutrition risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is Parkinson’s diagnosed?

A

Solely on history and clinical features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What confirms a Parkinson’s diagnosis?

A

A positive response to anti-parkinsonian medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the goal of drug therapy for Parkinson’s?

A

Enhance or release the supply of Dopamine and block the effects of overactive cholinergic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dopamine receptor antagonist that promotes the release of dopamine

A

Parlodel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In which patients is Parlodel used?

A

Patients who experience dyskinesias or orthostatic hypotension while receiving Sinemet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Precursor of dopamine the can cross the blood brain barrier and convert to dopamine in the basal ganglia

A

Levodopa with carbidopa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does long term use of levodopa with carbidopa lead to?

A

dyskinesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How should levodopa with carbidopa be used?

A

Before meals to increase absorption and transport across the blood brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Drug used to block specific enzymes that inactivate dopamine

A

MAO Inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What teachings should accompany MAO Inhibitors?

A

There are many food interactions that continue for 14 days after discontinuation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why are anticholinergic drugs used to manage Parkinson’s?

A

They decrease the activity of acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does surgery to to treat Parkinson’s?

A

Decrease the increased neuronal activity produced by dopamine depletion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which surgeries are used in the treatment of Parkinson’s?

A

Ablation and Deep Brain Stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the nutritional concerns in patients with Parkinson’s?

A

Malnutrition, constipation, and aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How should the nutritional concerns of Parkinson’s patients be addressed?

A

Food easy to chew, thicken, small frequent meals, and adequate roughage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the cause of Parkinson's?
Possible genetic component, stress
26
What do Parkinson's patients look like?
Hunched over, shuffled gait and pill rolling fingers
27
What sensory impairment do patients with Parkinson's have?
Dry eyes do to excessive blinking
28
What do Parkinson's patients usually die of?
Pneumonia due to aspiration and immobility
29
What are the five Fs of Neurodegenerative diseases?
Fatigue and immobility, fluctuations in function, frequent medication changes, fecal, and flow
30
Chronic demyelinating disease of the entire central nervous system caused by plaque, inflammation, edema and recovery of the nerve cells
Multiple Sclerosis
31
Where are people more likely to develop MS?
Not near the equator
32
Who is more likely to develop MS?
Young caucasian women
33
What causes MS?
Possible post-viral stimuli, possible genetic component, autoimmune disease
34
What is the biggest impediment to adjusting to the diagnosis of MS?
The uncertain course of the disease and the inability to plan for the future
35
How is MS diagnosed?
Rule out everything else, then look at an MRI for two areas of demyelination or two or more exacerbations
36
What are the signs of MS?
Paresthesias, double vision, tremors, nystagmus, schitomas, Lhermitte's sign
37
Seeing floaters in eyes
Schitomas
38
Flexing neck causes shooting, electric like pain in the lower extremities
Lhermitte's sign
39
What brings a patient with MS in initially?
Vision changes
40
What is the goal for the drug therapy of patients with MS?
Keep the disease in remission
41
What medications are used to treat MS?
IV and PO corticosteroids, Copaxone, and Baclofen
42
What is Baclofen used to treat in MS patients?
Spasticity
43
How are corticosteroids used in MS patients?
As a rescue treatment
44
How is Copaxone used for MS patients?
It is an immunomodulator used to reduce the frequency of relapses
45
What risk accompanies Copaxone and corticosteroids?
Risk for infection
46
What considerations need to be taken when using steroids?
Low K, bleeds, psuedodiabetes
47
Why are MS patients on antibiotics?
Frequent UTIs
48
What do MS patients have to be taught about urination habits?
Use the Crede method
49
What are the nursing interventions for patients with MS?
Impaired mobility, altered urinary elimination, risk for falls
50
What are the major problems for MS patients?
Motor balance and coordination
51
What are the sensory dysfunctions for patients with MS?
Loss of sensitivity or tingling, pins and needles, numbness
52
What is the worst kind of MS?
Primary Progressive
53
What is the main dysfunction of MS?
Urinary interruptions and muscle spasticity and weakness
54
When do tremors occur in patients with MS?
With activity
55
What causes a relapse of MS?
Stress to the body or mind
56
What are the side effects of Levidopa?
Makes the patient extremely sexual and tar dive dyskinesia
57
What is Requip used for in patients with Parkinson's?
It mimics dopamine
58
What sensory dysfunction occurs with MS?
Loss of sensitivity, tingling, pins and needles and numbness in extremities
59
What is TENS?
Low does electricity used to treat MS
60
What is the nursing priority for patients with MS?
Prevent falls
61
What part of the nervous system does MS attack?
CNS
62
Destruction of the myelin sheath in peripheries caused by multiple immunizations or an autoimmune attack
Guillain Barre
63
Who does Guillain Barre affect?
Men and women over 55
64
What is the problem in Guillain Barre?
The lymphocytes are not making the distinction between self and non self cells
65
What part of the nervous system does Guillain Barre affect?
PNS
66
Where in the body does Guillain Barre start?
Starts at toes and works its way up
67
What sensory dysfunctions does Guillain Barre cause?
Paresthesia, blindness, and a blank stare
68
What is the major problem of Guillain Barre
Respiratory depression from paralysis of muscles
69
How is Guillain Barre treated?
Plasmapheresis and IV-IG
70
What are the side effects of IV-IG?
Chills, fever, myalgia, acute renal failure, and anaphylaxis
71
What can patients with Guillain Barre never be given?
Corticosteroids
72
What are the nursing interventions for patients with Guillain Barre?
Prepare to intubate, impaired mobility, ineffective airway clearance
73
What is the prognosis for Guillain Barre?
The disease should remit and go away within 2 years
74
Autoimmune disorder in which antibodies attack the acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions, impairing the transmission of impulses
Myasthenia Gravis
75
Who does MG affect?
Women younger than 40 and men older than 60
76
What can cause MG?
Thymus problems, stress
77
What are the motor dysfunctions in patients with MG?
Muscle fatigue and aches
78
What are the sensory dysfunctions for patients with MG?
Impaired facial expressions, paresthesia, impaired chewing and swallowing, decreased smell and tastes, dysphonia, and ptosis
79
What is the major problem for patients with MG?
Respiratory Failure
80
What is used to treat MG?
Immunosuppressants, thyroidectomy and anticholenergases
81
Name an anticholenergase drug
Mestinon
82
What teaching needs to accompany a MG diagnosis?
Teach family CPR and how to respond to respiratory distress
83
What causes a myasthenic crisis?
Too little acetylcholine
84
What happens to patients in a myasthenic crisis?
Increased heart rate, increased respirations, and elevation in blood pressure
85
What causes a cholenergic crisis?
Too much acetylcholine
86
What happens to patients in a cholenergic crisis?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, pallor, twitching, and hypotension
87
What are the nursing interventions for patients with MG?
Keep the airway patent and keep the patient away from extremes in temperature
88
How is MG diagnosed?
Tensilon Test
89
What is a Tensilon Test?
Give the patient an injection of acetylcholine and see if their symptoms resolve
90
What are the four major symptoms of Parkinson's?
Tremors, rigidity, bradykineisa, and postural imbalances
91
Where does the demyelination of neurons take place in patients with Guillain Barre?
At the Nodes of Ranvier
92
Which neuro patient is at risk for developing DVTs?
Guillain Barre
93
Which neuro patients have hyporeflexia?
Guillain Barre
94
What is the diagnostic tool for Guillain Barre?
Presence of protein in the CSF
95
What are the complications associated with plasmapheresis?
Infection, hypovolemia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, temporary paresthesia
96
How long can a patient be intubated before a trach is needed?
10-14 days
97
Which gland is involved in MG?
Thymus
98
What is the first symptom of MG?
Ptosis
99
How should Mestinon be given?
Eat 45 minutes to an hour after administration
100
Which MG crisis requires intubation?
Myasthenic
101
What do patients with Parkinson's have to be closely monitored for?
Drug toxicity

Illness and Patho 1 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions