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inflammation Flashcards

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1
Q

2 causes of disease?

A

congenital; acquired

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2
Q

two types of congenital disease

A

inherited, intrauterine lesions

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3
Q

types of acquired

A

inflamation, neoplasia, immunologic, vascular, endocrine, degeneration, iatrogenic

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4
Q

illness caused by healthcare provider/treatment

A

iatrogenic disease

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5
Q

what is inflammation?

A

response of living tissues to irritation/injury

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6
Q

causes of inflammation?

A

infection, chem agents, phys agents, trauma, chronic irritation

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7
Q

cardinal signs of inflammation

A

calor (heat), rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain) , function laesa (disturbed function)

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8
Q

first response to injury :

A

hemodynamic (vascular) changes

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9
Q

what is vascular response?

A

mech stim–>nerves–>smooth muscle–>precapillary arterioles –>short vasoconstriction–>vasodilation (flooding of blood)

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10
Q

what is hyperemia?

A

^ blood flow to capillaries (vasodilate)–>congestion

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11
Q

RBC sludge is called

A

rouleaux

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12
Q

WBC attached to endothelium after ___ called

A

marginalization; pavementing

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13
Q

adhesion accomplished by:

A

surface adhesion molecules

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14
Q

why vessel wall changes?

A

^pressure, slowing of circulation, adhesion, soluble mediators released

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15
Q

2 classes of substances that mediate inflammation

A

plasma-derived, cell-derived

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16
Q

example of biogenic amine, preformed mediator

A

histamine

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17
Q

protein formed in plasma from Hageman activation

A

Bradykinin

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18
Q

mediator of inflam. that consists of several proteins that are activated in cascade

A

complement system

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19
Q

activation of complement cascade can occur thru 2 paths:

A

classical, alternate

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20
Q

classical path activated by :

A

antigen-antibody complex

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21
Q

alternate path activated by ___

A

bacterial endotoxins, fungi, etc

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22
Q

both paths converge to lead to form of ___

A

membrane attack complex

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23
Q

coat bacteria to be more susceptible to being engulfed by phagocytes

A

opsonins

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24
Q

derived from phospholipids of cell mem thru phospholipase

A

arachidonic acid derivatives

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25
two metabol paths for arachidonic acid derivatives
lipoxygenase; cycloxygenase
26
lipoxygenase path-->?
leukotrienes
27
cycloxygenase path-->?
prostacyclin, thromboxanes
28
aspirin associated with __ path
cycloxygenase
29
leakage of fluid from vessel into interstitial spaces in emigration of leukocytes
transudation
30
transudate is __ in protein but has ___ cells
^ ; few
31
transudation causes ___
edema
32
what are PMNs?
polymorphonuclear leukocyte (acute--first to emigrate)
33
after PMN, see:
monocytes, eosinophils, macrophage, lymphocyte, plasma cells
34
emigration of leukocytes from BV occurs in these phases:
adhesion of PMN to endothelial; insertion of cyto pseudopods; passage thru basement mem; ameboid mvmt away from vessel to cause of inflamation
35
what is chemotaxis?
active mvmt of PMN along [ ] gradient
36
derived from bacteria or tissues destroyed by inflammation
chemoattractant
37
when PMNs reach bacteria/chemotactic substance, this happens
phagocytosis (scavenge, lose mobility)
38
attachment of PMN to bacteria wall facilitated by
immunoglobulin
39
most numerous WBC in circulating blood (60-70%)
PMNs
40
fever is involved with ___
interleukin 1 (endogenous pyrogen)
41
mononuclear cells derived from blood monocyte, larger than PMNs
macrophages
42
cells primarily involved w/ antibody production
lymphocytes
43
fragmentous cells without nucleus w/ granules
platelets
44
4 clinical parameters to classify inflammation
duration, etiology, location, morphology
45
inflammation that lasts for a few hours to a few days
acute
46
inflammation characterized by persistence of causative agents
chronic
47
4 classifications of infections:
bacteria, viral, protozoal, fungal
48
example of localized skin infection
boil (furuncle)
49
ex. of systemic inflammation
sepsis, systemic lupus
50
typical signs of inflammation found on:
skin, eyes, oral mucosa, genital organs
51
used to inspect the abdominal cavity
laparoscope
52
most terms are formed adding the suffix:
"itis"
53
type of inflammation typical of viral infections, mild, involving exudation of serum in early stage of most inflammation
serous
54
this type of inflammation may be organized and form scar tissue, indicating more severe inflammation, seen in lots of bacterial infections
fibrinous inflammation
55
ex. of fibrinous inflammation?
strep throat
56
this type of inflammation is characterized by pus, usually caused bacterially
purulent
57
closed pocket of purulent inflammatory exudate (pus) that must be drained
abscess
58
when abscesses rupture, form :
sinus or fistula
59
in chronic abscess, the wall of cavity is composed of a ____
capsule (fibrotic granulation tissue)
60
cavity usually occupied previously by abscess that drains thru tract to surface of body
sinus
61
channel formed tween 2 pre existing cavities or hollow organs and the surface of body
fistula
62
elevated body temp exceeds 37C, typical response to acute inflammation
fever
63
fever is caused by:
prostaglandins released by endogenous pyroens (IL-1 and TNF)
64
endogenous pyrogens are released by:
leukocytes or macrophages during inflammation
65
other non-specific symptoms of inflammation are called:
constitutional symptoms
66
constitutional symptoms include;
fatigue, weakness, depression, lack of appetite, general pain, exhaustion
67
3 classifications of cells according to ability to proliferate:
labile, stable, permanent
68
what are "labile" cells?
continuously dividing/mitotic cells throughout entire life
69
what are "stable" cells?
quiescent, facultative mitotic cells that need stim to div
70
what are "permanent" cells?
nondividing, post-mitotic cells that don't have way to proliferate EVER
71
ex. of labile cells?
stem, basal layer of skin, mucosa of viscera
72
ex. of stable cells?
parenchymal organ (liver or kidney)
73
ex. of permanent cells?
neurons, myocardial cells
74
leukocytes and macrophages act on these connective tissue cells during healing:
epithelium, myofibroblasts, angioblasts, fibroblasts, collagen
75
these cells secrete matrix substances and are able to contract like muscle cells
myofibroblasts
76
these cells are precursors of BVs that provide a route for scavenger cells and influx of blood
angioblasts
77
these cells produce most of the xtracell matrix
fibroblasts
78
scars are formed by ___ + ____
fibronectin; collagen
79
ex of healing by first intention:
closed surgical wounds
80
ex of healing by secondary intention
unclosed wounds, large tissue defect, foreign bodies, infected wounds
81
complications of wound healing?
site, mech factor, size, infection, nutrition, circulatory status, age
82
nutr. and metabolic factors in healing
proteins, vitamin C (speeds up), excess cortisol (slows)
83
diabetes, example of ___wounds
ischemic (hypoxic)
84
this complication happens in diabetics and those taking steroids
deficient scar formation
85
decrease in tensile strength results in:
dehiscence
86
excess scar formation is called:
keloids (beyond boundaries, are discolored)
87
have segmented nuclei, usually composed of 3 lobes, also called neutrophils
PMN leukocytes
88
represent primary body defense system against bacteria
PMN leukocytes
89
also called histiocytes , typical of chronic inflammation
macrophages
90
these cells participate in forming granulomas
macrophages
91
essential for blood clot and are cyto fragments of megakaryocytes
platelets
92
hyperemia caused by :
dilation of arterioles
93
release of histamine at site of inflammation cause:
^ in permeability
94
aspirin inhibit:
prostaglandins
95
granulomas contain all cells except:
PMNs
96
most common cause of delayed healing of skin wound caused by traffic accident
infection
97
what transient event is an initial reaction to neurogenic and chem stim in area of inflammation?
constriction (followed by dilation)
98
where are the endothelial cells that react most prominently to mediators of inflammation?
venule
99
rich in proteins and not many cells
transudate
100
rich in proteins and many cells
exudate

Pathology (19 decks)

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