heart

Question 1

vast majority of Cardio disease

Answer 1

atherosclerosis

Question 2

what is hallmark of atherosclerosis?

Answer 2

endothelial injury

Question 3

is injury–>ischemia reversible or irreversible?

Answer 3

reversible

Question 4

types of ischemia

Answer 4

tolerable, critical, lethal

Question 5

symptoms of coronary stenosis

Answer 5

angina pectoris, asymptomatic, arrhythmia, sudden death, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure

Question 6

two types of angina pectoris?

Answer 6

unstable and stable

Question 7

pain of ischemia relieved by:

Answer 7

rest, nitroglycerine (vasodilator)

Question 8

complications of CAD:

Answer 8

MI, sclerosis, thrombosis, aneurysm

Question 9

what is aneurysm?

Answer 9

weakening of wall causes dilation and rupture

Question 10

clinical diagnosis of MI

Answer 10

cardiac biomarkers, ECG, cardiac catheterization, post mortem

Question 11

clinical symptoms of MI

Answer 11

choking/pressure (left side), pass out, sweat, shock, weak pulse

Question 12

most common cause of death from acute MI

Answer 12

ventricular fibrillation (arrhythmia) –>v-fib arrest

Question 13

complications of MI

Answer 13

sudden death (25% of cases), heart failure, arrhythmia, cardiogenic shock, multisystem organ failure, weakening of arterial wal, aneurysm, valvular regurgitation

Question 14

80% MI result from:

Answer 14

thrombus obstructed narrowed artery

Question 15

what is artery of sudden death?

Answer 15

Left anterior descending

Question 16

lateral infarction starts in:

Answer 16

left circumflex artery

Question 17

the widow maker

Answer 17

anterior infarction

Question 18

posterior infarction

Answer 18

right coronary artery obstruction

Question 19

how diagnose MI?

Answer 19

consider med history, clinical presentation, 12 lead ECG, biomarkers (troponin)

Question 20

myoglobin has molecular weight of:

Answer 20

16000 daltons

Question 21

biomarkers of MI?

Answer 21

troponin, myoglobin, creatine kinase

Question 22

what is creatine kinase?

Answer 22

dimer with wt of 86000 daltons

Question 23

what kinds of dimer for CK in heart?

Answer 23

MM and MB

Question 24

complications of myocardial infarction

Answer 24

mural thrombus, ventricular aneurysm, myocardial rupture, cardiac tamponade (pericardial effusion)

Question 25

treatment?

Answer 25

clot busting drugs, percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG

Question 26

what is CABG?

Answer 26

coronary artery bypass graft

Question 27

what is pericardial effusion?

Answer 27

leakage of blood into pericardial space

Question 28

what is PCI?

Answer 28

percutaneous coronary intervention; balloon tipped catheter system (^ lumen diameter, restore BF)

Question 29

examples of clot busting drugs?

Answer 29

tPA, urokinase, streptokinase

Question 30

CABG involve ___vein, __ artery

Answer 30

saphenous; internal mammary

Question 31

what is congestive heart failure?

Answer 31

can't pump all blood out of heart, back pressure to all organs behind failed chamber

Question 32

left heart failure cause ___ congestion

Answer 32

pulmonary

Question 33

right heart failure cause ___ congestion

Answer 33

peripheral

Question 34

heart failure cause ___ which results in dyspnoea

Answer 34

edema

Question 35

what is dyspnoea?

Answer 35

shortness of breath on exertion, constant, nocturnal

Question 36

people who operate cardio-pulmonary bypass machine

Answer 36

perfusionist

Question 37

what is RHD?

Answer 37

rheumatic heart disease related to strep infections

Question 38

RHD caused by:

Answer 38

antibodies to strep cross-react with cardiac antigens

Question 39

what is endocarditis?

Answer 39

inflammation of valves on left side of heart

Question 40

what are vegetations?

Answer 40

deposition of inflammatory cells, fibrin, and platelets

Question 41

what causes valve deformation?

Answer 41

healing by fibrous scarring

Question 42

valve insufficiency causes:

Answer 42

regurgitation (ventricles become dilated or hypertrophic)

Question 43

reflux of blood from ventricle to atrium during systole

Answer 43

mitral valve regurgitation

Question 44

causes back flow of blood into left ventricle during diastole

Answer 44

aortic regurgitation

Question 45

valve stenosis results in:

Answer 45

stagnation of blood into LA-->hypertension-->LV hypertophy

Question 46

non modifiable risk factors for CAD

Answer 46

^ age, male, heredity

Question 47

modifiable risk factors for CAD

Answer 47

hyperlipidemia, hypertension, physical inactive, smoke, obese, stress, diabetes