Lab Flashcards
1
Q
what part of the body does arthritis affect
A
joints
2
Q
what kind of disease is RA
A
autoimmune disease
3
Q
what hypersensitivity category is RA
A
Type III
4
Q
who is more likely to get RA
A
women over 65
5
Q
what Ab are present in RA
A
rheumatoid factor (IgM) and anti-ccp
6
Q
what causes RA
A
inflammation
7
Q
what are the early. signs of RA
A
joint stiffness and pain in small joints
8
Q
what are the intermediate signs of RA
A
joint pain in bigger joints; limits motion
9
Q
what are the late signs of RA
A
deformity and permanent joint dysfuntion
10
Q
what is the treatment for RA
A
DMARDs (disease-modifying anti-thematic drugs)
11
Q
how do they diagnosis RA
A
x ray
12
Q
what lab test are used for RA
A
agglutination test, ELISA, chemiluminescence, and nephelometric methods
13
Q
what causes a hemagglutination rxn in RF hemagglutination test
A
Rheumatoid factor mixed with sheep RBC
14
Q
what kind of test are Elisa, immunoassay, or agglutination
A
Anti-CCP
15
Q
what binds to a target antibody in the anti-ccp Elisa test
A
HPR antibody
16
Q
what is measured in anti-ccp ELISA test
A
light frequency
17
Q
what are the testing indicators for inflammation processes
A
ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
CPR (c reactive protein)
Complement components
18
Q
what is a secondary result of mycoplasma pneumonia, infectious mononucleosis
A
cold agglutinins
19
Q
def? autoantibodies that react with antigens on the RBC mmb at cold temps
A
cold agglutinins
20
Q
what antibody class is cold agglutinins
A
IgM
21
Q
T or F: the cold agglutinins rxn is reversible upon warm temps
A
T
22
Q
what causes cold agglutinins Ab to be transient or chronic
A
production of cold agglutinin
23
Q
what is caused when cold agglutinins activate the complement cascade to completion
A
intavascular hemolysis
24
Q
what areas are affected in cold agglutinins
A
extremities
25
symptoms of cold agglutinins
blue discoloration, numbness, stiff, and slightly painful
26
testing for cold agglutinins in a hematology CBC diff smear what will been seen for a pos case
clumping
27
in a Cold agglutinin titer test which tube is used for titer
last visible agglutination
28
higher the titer the ____ clinically significant (cold agglutination)
more
29
what is known as the kissing disease
infectious mononucleosis
30
what are the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis for the first 2-4 weeks
fever
lymphadenopathy
and sore throat
31
what are the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis for months
muscle pain, fatigue
32
what does the treatment relive in infectious mononucleosis
symptoms
33
what is infectious mononucleosis caused by
epstein barr virus
34
what would you see on the tonsils of a pt with infectious mononucleosis
white pus
35
what would you see on the CBC of pt with infectious mononucleosis
atypical lymphs
36
is the mononucleosis slide assay qualitative or quantitative
both
37
what kind of blood is used for mononucleosis slide assay
horse
38
what is being looked for in the mononucleosis slide assay
heterophiles antibodies
39
what part of the mononucleosis slide assay is qualitative
mixing pt sample with reagent --> hemagglutination
40
what part of the mononucleosis slide assay is quantitative
serial dilutions and titrating the sample
41
def? the study of the fluid components in the blood especially AB
serology
42
def? the liquid portion of the blood minus the coagulation factors
serum
43
serum =
plasma - clotting factors
44
what are the 3 types of pipettes
volumetric , graduated, and micro
45
which kind of pipets delivers only one volume
volumetric
46
what kind of pipets have markings that allow you to deliver varying amounts of liquid
graduated
47
what kind of pipet delivers volumes in the microliter
micro
48
how do you use a volumetric pepette
1. suck up liquid
2. wipe off outside
3. lower liquid to meniscus
4. drain
49
what is often used to dilute concentrated samples
water or saline
50
def? the material being diluted
solute
51
def? the medium making up the rest of the solution
diluent
52
if it is 1:20 dilution what part is solute and what is diluent
1 part solute and 19 parts diluent
53
what kind of dilutions are large dilution (may not be all the same) done in several small steps
compound dilutions
54
what kind of dilutions are large dilution (all the same) done in several small steps
serial diutions
55
def? the conc of a solution as determined by titration
titer
56
what is sensitivity
people who have a specific disease with a pos test
57
what is specificity
people who do not have a disease with neg test
58
def? probability that a person with a pos screening test actually has the disease
positive predictive value
59
def? probability that a person with a neg screening test does not have the disease
negative predictive value
60
formula for sensitivity
true pos/tru pos + false neg x 100
61
formula for specificity
true neg/ true neg + false pos x 100
62
what kind of bacteria are long slender helically coiled containing axial filaments or periplasmic flagella
spirochetes
63
what kind of disease do spirochetes cause
skin infection
64
what is the most commonly acquired spirochete disease in the US
syphilis
65
what kind of spirochete causes syphilis
treponema pallidum
66
how is syphilis transferred
sexual (direct contact)
67
In the primary stage of syphilis what does a pt have
chancres on genitals
68
T or F: for women with primary stage syphilis it is easy for it to go unnoticed
T
69
what happens in the secondary phase of syphilis
organism spread to different parts of the body after chancre disappears
70
what stage of syphilis is characterized by a lack of symptoms
latent
71
true or false: pt in latent stage of syphilis are infectious
F
72
what stage of syphilis do pregnant women pass the disease to fetus
latent
73
what stage of syphilis has gummas, cardiovascular complications, and neurosyphilis
tertiary
74
what is congenital syphilis
women transmits syphilis to the fetus
75
what immune cells are present once skin is penetrated in syphilis
T cells and macrophages
76
what heals the primary chancre in syphilis
cytokines
77
what does t palladium do to delay immune response
coats itself with host proteins
78
what can detect primary and secondary syphilis
dark field microscopy
79
what uses fluorescent labeled antibody on t palladium
fluorescent antibody testing
80
what is used to detect secondary or tertiary syphilis
serological testing
81
what serological test determines the presence of an ab that forms cardiolipin
nontreponemal
82
when is a treponemal test preformed
if nontreponemal test is pos
83
what does trponemal test detect
ab to T. pallidium
84
what rxn are VDRL and RPR nontreponemal test based on
flocculation
85
def? specific type of precipitation that occurs over a narrow range of ag concentrations
flocculation
86
what test is cardiolipin bound to charcoal particles
RPR test
87
what stage of syphilis are 100% reactive in a treponemal test
secondary and latent
88
t or f: once a pt is reactive on a treponemal test they are for the rest of their lives
T
89
what kind of test are fluorescent treponemal ab absorption test and agglutination test
treponemal
90
what is an example of ag-ab rxn test
hCG combo rapid test
91
what do immunoassays detect
either ag or ab
92
is the hCG combo rapid test qualitative or quantitative
qualitative
93
what kind of sample is used for hCG combo rapid test
serum or urine
94
what hormone do pregnant women have in serum or urine
hCG
95
what produces hCG
developing placenta
96
what is a good marker of early pregnancy
hCG
97
what kind of immunoassay is hCG combo rapid test
rapid chromatographic
98
what is immunochromatography based on
chromatography and immunochemical rxn
99
what is the most common immunochromatographic system
test strip
100
what are the 4 components of imminochromatography
sample application pad, conjugate pad, substrate mmb, and adsorbent pad
101
function of the sample application pad
transport the sample to other components
102
function of conjugate pad
place where labeled ab are dispensed
103
function of substrate mmb
where test and control lines are drawn and provide good binding site for ab
104
function of absorbant pad
maintains flow and stops back flow
105
how long should you wait to read immunochromatography test
5 to 10 mins
106
how is the result read on immunochromatography
color change
107
in a sandwich assay what is on the conjugate pad
labeled ab
108
what is a sandwich complex
primary ab with analyze labeled ab complex
109
def? combo of soluble ag with soluble ab to produce insoluble complexes that are visable
precipitation
110
def? initial force of attraction that exist between a single FAB site an epitope
affinity
111
what determines the strength of affinity
specificity of an ab for a particular ag
112
def? represents the overall strength of ag-ab binding and is the sum of affinities
avidity
113
def? number of multi-talent sites of ag-ab are approximately equal
zone of equivalence
114
what will form when it is the zone of equivalence
lattice formation
115
what is more abundant at the prozone
ab
116
what is more abundant at the postzone
ag
117
when does light scattering occur
when lattice formations become so large that they precipitate out of solutions `
118
how is light scattering measured
turbidity and nephelometry
119
def? light scattered measured by turbidimetry as a reduction in light intensity
turbidimetry
120
def? technique that measures the amount of light scattered at a particular angle
nephelometry
121
what kind diffusion technique is the ag incorporated in a gel
radial immunodiffusion
122
where is the ag placed in radial immunodiffusion
in wells
123
in radial immunodiffusion what is the amount of precipitate directly proportional to
the amount ag present
124
where are the ag and ab in ouchterlony double diffusion
in the wells
125
if the precipitin lines form a 1/2 circle in ouchterlony double diffusion what does it mean
identity
126
if the precipitin lines form a x in ouchterlony double diffusion what does it mean
non identity
127
if the precipitin lines form a 1/2 circle and a straight line in ouchterlony double diffusion what does it mean
partial indentity
128
what does electrophoresis separate molecules based on
electric charge
129
what is the source of ag in immunoelectropheresis
serum
130
where is the ab in immunofixation electrophoresis
it is applied directly to the gel after electrophoresis
131
what is the difference between immunoelectrophoresis and immunofixation electrophoresis precipitation
immunofixation electrophoresis has a shorter time and bands are darker
132
def? visible aggregation of particles caused by combo with specific ab
agglutination
133
what are ab called in agglutination
agglutinins
134
what is the 1st step in agglutination
sensitization
135
what step of agglutination involves ag-ab combo through single antigenic determinants on a particle
sesitization
136
what step of agglutination forms a cross link that show visible aggregates
lattice formation
137
if there is agglutination what kind of result is it
pos
138
what immunoglobulin effects lattice formation without of additional enhancement
IgM
139
what kind of agglutination occurs when ag are found naturally on a particle
direct
140
what kind of agglutination involves RBC
hemagglutination
141
in ABO blood typing what are RBC mixed with
antisera of the IgM
142
what kind of agglutination employs particles coated with ag not normally found on their surfaces
indirect
143
what kind of sample does direct agglutination use
RBC
144
what kind of sample does indirect agglutination use
plasma
145
for a direct agglutination test: sample with agglutination in anti a has what blood type
A
146
for a direct agglutination test: sample with agglutination in anti a has what blood type
B
147
what kind of agglutination is the ab attached to a carrier particle
reverse passive agglutination
148
what kind of agglutination are rxns based on competition between particulate and soluble ag for limited ab
agglutination inhibition
149
what kind of agglutination does the ab block the RBC from binding to the virus
hemagglutination inhibition
150
are immunoassays direct or indirect test
indirect
151
what is the typical analyte in immunoassays
proteins
152
def? substance to be measured is called
analyte
153
t or f: immunoassays can detect very small amounts ag or ab
T
154
what are the 4 labeling techniques used for immunoassays
fluorescent, radioactive, chemiluminescent, and enzymes
155
what format of immunoassays are all reactants mixed together
competitive
156
what format of immunoassays do labeled ag compete with unlabeled pt ag for the limited # of ab-binding sites
Competitive
157
what format of immunoassays is the ab 1st passively absorbed to a solid phase
noncompetitive
158
what kind of immunoassays are micrometer plate, plastic bead, and nitrocellulose mmb
noncompetitive
159
in noncompetitive format immunoassay what is the amount of labeled ab is directly proportional to
the amount of pt ag
160
what format of immunoassays is there excess ab present
noncompetitive
161
what kind of immunoassay is the ag or ab attached by physical adsorption
heterogeneous
162
what is formed in a heterogeneous assay
complex
163
where is the complex attached in a heterogeneous assay
solid phase
164
what happens to the excess reactant in a heterogeneous assay
washed away
165
what step does a homogeneous assay not have
separation step
166
which assay is more sensitive homo or heterogeneous
homogeneous
167
what is the most common radioactive substance label
I 125
168
what kind of radiation do radioimmunoassays emit
gamma radiation
169
t or f: radioimmunoassays are not extremely sensitive and precise
F
170
what are the disadvantages to radioimmunoassays
health hazard, disposal problems, short shelf life, and expensive
171
what are the labels in enzyme immunoassay
enzymes
172
how do enzymes produce products
break them down
173
what the advantages of enzyme immunoassays
cheap, readily available, no health hazard, and long shelve life
174
what is another name for capture assay
sandwich immunoassay
175
where are the ab in a capture assay
solid phase
176
what is the sandwich in the capture assay
ab bound to solid phase and enzyme labeled ab
177
example of homogeneous enzyme immunoassay
EMIT
178
what kind of immunoassay is mmb based
rapid immunoassay
179
what kind of immunoassay is single use
rapid immunoassay
180
what kind of immunoassay is immunochromatography
rapid immunoassay
181
def? fluorescent compounds
fluorophores/fluorochromes
182
how do fluorophores fluores
absorb incident light and convert it to light of a longer wavelength
183
t or f: in fluorescent immunoassay fluorescence is very short
T
184
fluorescein emits light at what wavelength
520
185
rhodamine emits light at what wavelength
585
186
what are fluorescent immunoassay used for
localization of ag in cells
187
are indirect or direct immunofluorescent assays more common
indirect
188
what is the function of a polarization analyzer
measures the amount of polarized light
189
is fluorescence polarization immunoassay. competitive or noncompetitive
competitive
190
what is fluorescence polarization immunoassay used for
determine conc of therapeutic drugs and hormones
