Lecture 11

Question 1

synaptic plasticity

Answer 1

the ability of synapses to strengthen OR weaken over time in response to changes in activity

Question 2

learning: (2 definitions)

Answer 2

1. acquisition of new information or knowledge

2. a change in behavior as a result of experience

Question 3

memory: (2 definitions)

Answer 3

1. retention of learned information

2. ability to store and recall learned experiences

Question 4

short-term synaptic facilitation: when two or more action potentials __ and cause prolonged, elevated __ and an increase in __

Answer 4

arrive very close in time; Ca in the presynaptic terminal; the next action potential’s strength

Question 5

short-term synaptic facilitation: as we increase the interval between two action potentials, the amount of facilitation __

Answer 5

goes down

Question 6

(short-term synaptic facilitation) the facilitation effect is only about __ (nothing else matters)

Answer 6

presynaptic calcium

Question 7

two types of short-term synaptic plasticity:

Answer 7

facilitation (strengthening connection) and depression (weakening connection)

Question 8

short-term synaptic depression: when two or more action potentials happen closely in time, there is a decrease in __ due to the progressive __

Answer 8

synaptic strength; depletion of the pool of synaptic vesicles/using up all the neurotransmitters

Question 9

tetanus

Answer 9

sustained synaptic activity

Question 10

the level of synaptic depression is proportional to the __

Answer 10

amount of transmitter released from the presynapse (the more we release, the more we depress)

Question 11

(synaptic depression) what if we reduced the amount of calcium in the environment?

Answer 11

it would take longer for the neurotransmitter pools to be emptied, therefore we would delay the depression effect

Question 12

what type of relationship exists between amount of facilitation and interval between stimuli?

Answer 12

inverse root (L-shaped curve)

Question 13

what type of relationship exists between amount of depression and relative amount of transmitter released?

Answer 13

proportional (linear)

Question 14

procedural learning and memory: __ and __. performed without __. require __ but not easily __

Answer 14

skills and behaviors
performed without conscious recall
require practice
not easily forgotten

Question 15

declarative learning and memory: __ and __. __ recalled. easy __

Answer 15

facts and events. consciously recalled. “easy come easy go”

Question 16

2 types of implicit/procedural learning and memory

Answer 16

associative and non-associative

Question 17

associative learning is a __ relationship, association is learned between __ or __

Answer 17

predictive; two stimuli or stimuli and a behavior

Question 18

classical conditioning: __ response is expressed in response to a __

Answer 18

innate; neutral stimulus

Question 19

which type of implicit/procedural learning does this describe? “learning to predict future events based on experience (negative or positive)”

Answer 19

associative

Question 20

what type of conditioning, and learning, is the example of Pavlov’s dog

Answer 20

classical conditioning; implicit/procedural learning

Question 21

what type of conditioning, and learning is the example of Skinner’s rats

Answer 21

operant conditioning; implicit/prodecural learning

Question 22

non-associative learning produces a change in the __ due to repeated exposure to the __

Answer 22

strength of response to a single stimulus; same stimulus

Question 23

an example of non-associative learning would be

Answer 23

aplysia gill/siphon withdrawal reflex

Question 24

non-associative learning: the response changes with __

Answer 24

experience

Question 25

classical conditioning pop culture example

Answer 25

the office: Dwight and the altoids!

Question 26

Aplysia have a simple __ and __ neurons

Answer 26

nervous system; large, identifiable neurons

Question 27

what is the gill-withdrawal reflex of Aplysia?

Answer 27

if you touch the siphon, the animal retracts the entire thing (siphones, gills, etc.)

Question 28

what is the decreased response of Aplysia after repeated probing of the siphon due to?

Answer 28

habituation, NOT anything like muscle fatigue

Question 29

if you pair a noxious stimulus (__) with gentle touch of siphon you get __, which is an example of __

Answer 29

tail shock; an enhance gill withdrawal response; sensitization

Question 30

sensitization allow an animal to __

Answer 30

generalize the response to an aversive stimuli, so that they respond the same way to other stimuli (generalize the response to one stimuli, to others)

Question 31

with repeated pairing of the siphon/tail thing, you can make the generalized response __

Answer 31

long-term

Question 32

gill withdrawal habituation causes a weakening of the __ synapses, (__)

Answer 32

sensory neuron to motor neuron; synaptic depression

Question 33

(synaptic depression/habituation) if we stimulate the __, we get an EPSP on the __. this EPSP gets smaller and smaller as stimulation continues, it becomes __ and __

Answer 33

sensory neuron; motor neuron; habituated; runs out of neurotransmitter to release

Question 34

(habituation) the action potential from the sensory neuron never changes strength (T/F)

Answer 34

TRUE! its the EPSP in the motor neuron that diminishes

Question 35

(gill withdrawal sensitization) __ from secondary pathway (__) talks back to sensory neuron in siphon to __ the response

Answer 35

modulatory interneuron; tail shock; enhance

Question 36

gill withdrawal habituation is an example of synaptic __ | gill withdrawal sensitization is an example of synaptic __

Answer 36

depression; facilitation

Question 37

modulatory interneuron releases __ which enhances neurotransmitter release from the __, which leads to an increase in excitation of the __ and therefore an enhanced response

Answer 37

serotonin; siphon sensory neuron; motor neuron

Question 38

shock activates __ release from __

Answer 38

serotonin; modulatory interneuron

Question 39

serotonin activates __ in the axonal terminals of the __, which activate __ which causes an increase in __ which activates __ - an enzyme that affects protein expression... all leading to more neurotransmitter (__) release

Answer 39

G-protein coupled receptors; sensory neuron; Adenalyl cyclase; cyclic AMP; protein kinase A; glutamate

Question 40

Protein kinase A __ potassium channels - makes them work better but reduces __ (reduces the probability that __) so we're essentially stopping the __ phase and prolonging the __, allowing more __ to come in, allowing more release of the neurotransmitter

Answer 40

``` phosphorylates; voltage sensitivity; potassium channels will open during a presynaptic action potential repolarization phase (when K channels open); presynaptic action potential; calcium ```

Question 41

what does the phosphorylation of K channels by protein kinase A cause? (3)

Answer 41

longer-lasting action potentials, more Ca influx, and more neurotransmitter (glutamate) release

Question 42

short-term memory cascade: | long-term memory cascade:

Answer 42

G-protein activation leads to protein kinase A causing a change in ion conductance, causing more calcium influx and more glutamate release second messenger cascade involving protein kinase A and CREB and more transcription (both caused by serotonin)

Question 43

short-term memory is post-translational __ | long-term memory is changes in __ and __

Answer 43

modification of existing proteins; gene expression and synthesis of new proteins

Question 44

the hippocampus is essential for __

Answer 44

forming new memories

Question 45

episodic memory

Answer 45

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at particular time and place

Question 46

patient H.M. had severe __, they removed significant portions of the brain including __ and he could no longer __

Answer 46

epilepsy; hippocampus; form new episodic memories

Question 47

example of episodic memory

Answer 47

spatial navigation

Question 48

what does the hippocampus look like?

Answer 48

a seahorse!

Question 49

spatial learning and memory in rats depends on the __

Answer 49

hippocampus

Question 50

Morris water maze: __ normal rats: __ rats with no hippocampus: __

Answer 50

hidden platform in pool 1st time takes a while to find it, soon (after 10 trials) learns where it is never learn where it is (first trial and 10th trial look the same)

Question 51

hippocampal place cells experiment found that hippocampal cell increased their activity whenever a rat _-

Answer 51

was in a certain region of an arena

Question 52

hippocampal place cells: each cell's "firing field" =

Answer 52

region of arena where that cell is active

Question 53

hippocampal cells are ___-tuned

Answer 53

spatially

Question 54

is the hippocampus the first region of the brain where we have observed "place" neurons?

Answer 54

yes

Question 55

hippocampal place cells: are the shape and size of firing field fairly consistent?

Answer 55

no, they can vary quite a bit from one cell to another

Question 56

during high frequency stimulation, Ca influx leads to the modification of __

Answer 56

AMPA receptors

Question 57

Ca enters the postsynaptic dendrite through __ receptors and activates long-lasting changes in __ receptors

Answer 57

NMDA; AMPA

Question 58

more AMPA receptors increases the permeability to __, which means __

Answer 58

Na; larger EPSPs

Question 59

T/F: long-term potentiation is NMDA dependent?

Answer 59

true, because we need the calcium influx!

Question 60

remember: gNa =

Answer 60

permeability to Na

Question 61

long-term depression: __ influx of Ca causes this by inducing __ of AMPA receptors from the synapse. __ AMPA receptors = __ EPSPs

Answer 61

small; removal; fewer; smaller, weaker