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Neurobiology > Lecture 23 > Flashcards

Lecture 23 Flashcards

1
Q

gastrulation is __

A

the local invagination of a subset of cells in the early embryo

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2
Q

gastrulation creates _ germ layers: ___

A

3; ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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3
Q

ectoderm =

A

nervous system, epidermis

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4
Q

mesoderm =

A

notochord, bone, muscle, connective tissue, gonad

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5
Q

endoderm =

A

GI tract, respiratory tract, endocrine system, auditory system, urinary system

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6
Q

the initiation of neural development is critically dependent on what two processes?

A

gastrulation and neurulation

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7
Q

when the process of gastrulation is complete, the embryo will consist of __

A

3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

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8
Q

an important event in the process of __ is the formation of the notochord

A

gastrulation

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9
Q

the formation of the notochord ___ is very important

A

at the midline of the gastrulating embryo

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10
Q

the notochord is a __ of __ cells, which condense at the __ as ___

A

cylinder; mesodermal; midline; the mesoderm invaginates

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11
Q

the notochord extends from the __ to the __

A

anterior to posterior

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12
Q

during late gastrulation, mesodermal cells in the region of the primitive streak form the __

A

notochord

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13
Q

the notochord is a critical feature - it directs the __ (secretes __)

A

formation of the nervous system; secretes inductive factors

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14
Q

the layer of ectoderm that lies right above the notochord is called the __ which is tiny but gives rise to __

A

neuroectoderm; the entire nervous system

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15
Q

the notochord defines the __ of the embryo; lays out the __ for the entire body

A

midline of the embryo; symmetry

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16
Q

primitive pit is __; which leads to the __, leads to the __

A

the very first dent; leads to the primitive streak, which leads to the notochord

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17
Q

the notochord induces the neuroectoderm to ___

A

differentiate into precursor cells that thicken and become the neural plate

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18
Q

the neural plate is just the __ in another phase/state

A

neuroectoderm

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19
Q

cells from the __ and the __ send chemical/molecular signals to the neuroectoderm, which causes a subset of cells to __…..this process intiates __

A

notochord and primitive streak; differentiate into neural plate precursor cells; neurulation

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20
Q

the thickening is called the __

A

neural plate

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21
Q

the lateral margins of the neural plate begin to __, which transforms the plate into a __

A

fold upward; tube

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22
Q

the cells within the neural tube give rise to __

A

the brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

those neuroectoderm precursor cells are the __. they are __ and have the capacity to __

A

progenitors of the neural tube; stem cells; give rise to any cell class found in the mature nervous system

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24
Q

neural crest cells are at the border of the __ and the __

A

neural plate and the non-neural ectoderm

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25
neural crest cells are a __ group of cells and are unique to __
temporary; vertebrates
26
3 examples of what neural crest cells give rise to
cartilage, bone, smooth muscles
27
what are the "neural stem cells"?
the neuroectodermal precursor cells
28
how are neural stem cells different than embryonic stem cells?
they cannot give rise to ANYTHING, it has to be some neural tissue
29
neural stem cells divide to produce __
more precursor cells
30
neural stem cells give rise to __
neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, glia, etc.
31
what do neural stem cells depend on to determine what they become?
the local environment (molecular cues)
32
the neural tube also contains specialized epithelial-like cells called the __
floorplate
33
the floorplate secretes molecular signals that __
specify position and fate of neural progenitors
34
are all cells in the neural tube self-renewing?
no
35
neural tube also gives rise to a subset of progenitor cells called the __
neural crest
36
floorplate gives rise to __
hindbrain and spinal cord
37
the neural crest differentiates into __
neurons and glia of the sensory and visceral motor ganglia, neurosecretory cells of the adrenal gland, and neurons of the enteric nervous system
38
differentiation is dependent on __
the type of environment they end up in
39
neural crest cells migrate and move along __
four distinct pathways
40
4 pathways of neural crest cells
sensory, autonomic ganglia, adrenal neurosecretory cells, and melanocytes/non-neuronal cells
41
cell signaling during migration influences __
progenitor identity and terminal differentiation
42
soon after the neural tube forms, the ___
fore-runners of the major brain regions start to become more apparent
43
soon after the neural tube forms, __ begins to shape the neural tube into different regions
morphogenesis
44
primitive brain regions (4)
prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon, and spinal cord
45
the first bend (towards the head) is called the __, which gives rise to the ___, which gives rise to the __
cephalic fixture; prosencephalon; forebrain
46
the second bend (towards the tail) is called the __
cervical flexure
47
the mesencephalon gives rise to the __
midbrain
48
the rhombencephalon gives rise to the __
hindbrain
49
neural tube forms a precursor to the __
spinal cord
50
lateral aspects of the prosencephalon form the __, which gives rise to __ (4)
telencephalon; cerebral cortices, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and forebrain nuclei
51
caudal aspects of the prosencephalon form the __, which gives rise to __ (3)
diencephalon; thalamus, hypothalamus, and optic vesicles/cups (eventually forming the retina)
52
dorsal portion of the mesencephalon forms the __
superior and inferior colliculi
53
ventral portion of the mesencephalon gives rise to the __
tegmentum
54
rostral portion of the rhombencephalon forms the __ which gives rise to the __ (2)
metencephalon; cerebellum and pons
55
caudal portion of the rhombencephalon forms the __ which becomes the __
myelincephalon; medulla
56
how can this simple tube beget such a variety of brain structures?
genes
57
the neural tube is organized into repeating units called __
neuromeres
58
the segmentation establishes __
regional identity
59
4 examples of homeobox genes
bcd, kr, h, wg (wingless)
60
expression patterns of genes (___) guides the differentiation of the embryo into __ that gives rise to different regions of the body
homeobox genes; distinct segments
61
homeobox genes are __ that direct the expression of other genes that mediate __
transcription factors; morphogenesis
62
vertebrates also have __ which are expressed only in the __ (2)
hox genes; posterior hindbrain and spinal cord
63
hox gene expression coincides with the __
formation of morphological features
64
neural stem cells are __ cells that can give rise to __
multipotent; many different neuronal cell types
65
neural stem cells must acquire __
instructions to terminally differentiate into the appropriate cell type
66
when you transfer neuronal stem cells to a new region they can __ (2)
acquire the identity of that new region; retain an identity that reflects their origin
67
when you remove neural stem cells, (3)
compensated by local proliferation; causes little change; disrupts development
68
it is the __ that is essential for regional identity
interactions between cells
69
neural induction =
just the instructions that tell a neural stem cell what to become
70
genes are expressed in different areas of the neural tube
.
71
local signaling molecules =
molecules that play a role in morphogenesis and/or neuronal differentiation
72
sonic hedgehog is expressed and secreted by the __ (2)
notochord and floorplate
73
sonic hedgehog is important for (2)
closing the neural tube; establishing the identity of neurons in the ventral portion of the spinal cord and hindbrain
74
mutations of sonic hedgehog result in __
failed division
75
when sonic hedgehog is present it binds to __ and ___, this causes disassembly of __ which goes on to affect genes
patch; __ ; protein GRI1
76
BMP =
bone morphogenetic proteins
77
the BMPs expressed in the __ promote __, and also turn ___ into __
mesoderm; osteogenesis; ectodermal cells; skin
78
Noggin and chordin sequester BMP, preventing the __ cells from becoming __ and they instead form __
neuroendodermal cells; epidermis; neuronal tissues
79
noggin and chordin are __ that modulate signaling via __
endogenous antagonists; TGF-beta family
80
morphogenic factors exist in __
gradients
81
the identity of motor and interneurons in the ventral vs dorsal spinal cord reflects the __
graded local signals of Shh, noggin, and other morphogens
82
neurogenesis begins after __ is complete
initial patterning of the neural tube
83
precursor cells have the __ that assign basic identities
signature gene expressions
84
precursors are at the __ and differentiate there
ventricular zone
85
precursors form __ or __
new neuronal stem cells or postmitotic neuroblasts
86
precursor cells in the neural epithelium are attached at the __ and the _
ventricular surface and the __ surface
87
during neurogenesis, the __ move, when the cell is closest to the __ surface of the neural tube it will undergo __
nucleus of the cells; outer (plial); DNA synthesis
88
neuronal production and migration: symmetrical division yields __
2 identical progenitor cells
89
neuronal production and migration: asymmetrical division yields __
1 progenitor cell and 1 neuroblast

Neurobiology (16 decks)

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