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Neurobiology > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

ossicles are __

A

3 bones in the middle ear - malleus, incus and stapes

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2
Q

conduction of sound waves is based on the __ movement of __

A

alternating movement; the basilar and tectorial membranes

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3
Q

the movement of the basilar and tectorial membranes __ the bundles of hair cells

A

stretches and relaxes

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4
Q

between the basilar and tectorial membranes is __ and __ that __ the sound

A

hair cells and stereocilia; transduce

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5
Q

the __lymph is between the basilar and tectoral membranes and contains the hair cells

A

perilymph

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6
Q

the __lymph is in between the tectorial and vestibular membranes

A

endolymph

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7
Q

movement of the fluid in the ear has __ and __; waves __ through this aqueous environment

A

frequency and amplitude; propagate

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8
Q

hair cells are __receptors, meaning __ activates the receptor channels

A

mechano; a physical force

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9
Q

hair cells are what underly the __

A

transduction of auditory stimuli

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10
Q

the bottom of hair cells are attached to the __

A

basilar membrane

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11
Q

fluid wave movement causes the __ membrane to move, causing the __ to move

A

basilar; stereocilia

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12
Q

stereocilia can only move __. when they stretch (move in the direction of __) it causes __ channels to open and it is the influx of this __ that __ the membranes/hair cells

A

in one plane; the longest hair; K; K; depolarizes

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13
Q

when stereocilia move in the direction of __ (slackening/no tension), the hair cell __ because/and __ channels are closed

A

the shortest hair; hyperpolarizes; K

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14
Q

after depolarization, __ is released and picked up by the __ and action potentials are sent on to the brain

A

glutamate; afferent nerve

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15
Q

dynamic effects of K? it’s functioning to both __

A

depolarize AND hyperpolarize the hair cells

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16
Q

different fluid regions contain different __

A

ion concentrations

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17
Q

perilymph (or __) and endolymph are __

A

scala tympani; fluid-filled regions

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18
Q

endolymph is super __ in K concentration (so when hair cells are stretched and K channels open, K goes into the cell __)

A

high; along its concentration gradient

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19
Q

perilymph is super __ in K concentration (so when hair cells are slack, K leaves the cell __)

A

low; along its concentration gradient

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20
Q

at rest about __ percent of K channels are open, so there is __ at rest

A

10; a tonic signal

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21
Q

when stereocilia are stretched the membrane potential is __ than at rest and we see more __

A

higher; action potentials

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22
Q

when stereocilia are slacked the membrane potential is _- than at rest and we see less __

A

lower; action potentials

23
Q

characteristic frequency = __

A

the frequency at which you have peak sensitivity (lowest threshold to respond)

24
Q

each neuron/receptor responds best to a particular __

25
frequency coding in the basilar membrane: near the apex we're going to have __ that are __ the hair cells; towards the base of the __ we're going to need __ to do the same thing
low frequency; exciting; cochlea; higher frequencies
26
auditory cortex is organized in a __
topographic map
27
the __ region of the auditory cortex corresponds to the apex. the __ region of the auditory cortex corresponds to the base of the basilar membrane
anterior or rostral (front); posterior or caudal (back)
28
going from apex to base of basilar membrane (and thus from __ region of AC to __ region), do sounds get lower or higher?
front; back; higher
29
visual system processes light __
reflected off distant objects
30
visual system helps us __ (3)
identify objects (shape, color, texture), localize objects, and asses movement
31
visual system is very __
quick
32
visual stimuli are transduced by __
photoreceptors
33
signals conveying visual info leave the retina via __ that convey these signals from the eye to the brain
retinal ganglion cells
34
are the left and right visual fields represented in each eye?
yes
35
light = __, photons/waves of various levels of energy
electromagnetic radiation
36
high energy light = __ wavelength, __ frequency | lower energy = __ wavelength, __ frequency
shorter; higher; larger; lower
37
visible light falls within __ nm
400-700
38
hot colors are __ energy and cold colors are __ energy
lower; higher
39
light of mixed wavelengths = __ | light of one wavelength = __
white; color
40
accommodation =
dynamic changes in the lens in response to where you are looking (far or near)
41
``` myopia = __, the image of distant objects are in focus __ hyperopia = __, the image of distant objects are in focus __ ```
nearsightedness; in front of the retina; farsightedness; behind the retina
42
retina = __ of cells and __ of synapses (__ types of cells)
3 layers; 2 layers; 5 types
43
in the retina: light goes from __ but information goes from __
front to back; back to front
44
the retina is specialized to detect __ intensity, not __ intensity
differences in; absolute
45
5 types of cells in retina
photoreceptors, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and retinal ganglion cells
46
2 types of photoreceptors
rods (light/dark) and cones (color)
47
the outer segment of __ have more discs, this is what underlies their greater __
rods; sensitivity to light
48
after a certain point of brightness, rods begin to __ and then cones take over for __
saturate; photopic vision
49
scotopic vision =
lowest level of illumination, only rods activated, no color vision, poor acuity
50
mesopic vision =
both rods and cones active
51
photopic vision = best __, good __, __ active
visual acuity; color vision; only cones
52
the __ in the photoreceptor disk membranes absorb light of __
photopigments; specific wavelengths
53
photopigments in rods is __
rhodopsin
54
__ types of -opsins for cones, that absorb different ranges of wavelengths
3

Neurobiology (16 decks)

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