Lecture 13: Amoeba and Ciliates Flashcards

(54 cards)

1
Q

What type of parasite is an amoeba

A

Protozoa

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2
Q

T or F: amoeba’s require a host

A

False, don’t require a host but benefit from interaction

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3
Q

What are facultative parasites

A

Parasites that don’t require a host to live but benefit from the interaction

Ex: amoeba

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4
Q

What are the most important amoeba in vet medicine

A
  1. Entamoeba histolytica
  2. Entamoeba invaders
  3. Acanthoamoeba spp.
  4. Naegleria fowleri
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5
Q

What species does Entamoeba histolytica typically infect

A

Dogs, cats and humans

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6
Q

What species does entamoeba invadens typically infect

A

Reptiles

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7
Q

What species does ancanthamoeba spp. typically infect

A

Usually humans, but a variety of species in vet med

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8
Q

What species does naegleria fowleri typically infect

A

Primates, cattle

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9
Q

What are the life stages of amoeba

A
  1. Cysts
  2. Trophozoites
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10
Q

Which amoebic life stage can be described as amoeboid, motile and feeding/pathogenic

A

Trophozoite

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11
Q

What amoebic life stage can be described as round, non-motile and environmentally resistant

A

Cysts

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12
Q

Which stage of amoebic life stages can be infectious and which can actively invade tissues

A
  1. Both cysts and trophozoites can be infectious BUT
  2. Only trophozoites can actively invade tissues
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13
Q

What are the common routes of infection for amoeba

A
  1. Ingestion: fecal-oral
  2. Nasal mucosa (inhaled)
  3. Eyes
  4. Skin abrasions
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14
Q

T or F: amoeba infections are often asymptomatic

A

True but infection possible

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15
Q

Who is most susceptible to amoeba infection

A

Young and immunocompromised

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16
Q

What body organs can amoeba go

A

Intestines, extra intestinal, liver, lungs, and brain

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17
Q

How do amoeba migrate to the Brain

A

Olfactory portal is highway to the brain. The cribiform plate has holes in it for the olfactory nerves to pass through and amoeba can crawl up the nerves, through the holes in cribiform plate and into the brain

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18
Q

What are the most common mechanisms of pathogenesis for amoebic infections

A
  1. Malabsorption (damage to colon)
  2. Direct tissue destruction (liver and brain)
  3. Inflammatory response
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19
Q

What are the morphological features of E. Histolytica cysts

A

Round to oval, 4 nuclei, blunt chromotoidal bar

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20
Q

What are the morphological features of E. Histolytica trophozoites

A

1 nucleus, central karyosome

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21
Q

what is this, infects dogs and cats

A

E. Histolytica cyst

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22
Q

What is this, infects dogs and cats

A

E. Histolytica trophozoites

23
Q

What reptiles are highly susceptible for E. Invadens

A

Boas, colubrids, vipers, crotalids

24
Q

What reptiles are resistant to E. Invadens and serve as reservoir hosts

A

Chelonians (turtles), crocodilians, cobras, eastern king snakes

25
What is the most common route of infection for E. Invadens
Fecal-oral
26
How can you tell E. Invadens apart from E. Histolytica
Morphologically Indistinct but E. Invadens is not transmissible to mammals
27
What does E. Invadens cause when it invades the intestines
Transmural necrohemmorrhagic enterocolitis
28
What are the clinical signs of an intestinal infection with E. Invadens
Anorexia, vomiting, mucous or hemorrhagic diarrhea, sudden death
29
What loss of the intestinal barrier due to E. Invadens can lead to ___
Sepsis
30
The following images were take from colon of a reptile. What is wrong
Infection with E. Invadens most likely causing transmural necrohemorrhagic colitis
31
How does extra intestinal infection of E. Invadens happen
The shared flow between the liver and small intestines via the portal vein and common bile duct cause the infection to bread outside the small intestines
32
What does E. Invadens extra intestinal cause
Entercolitis—> subsequent hepatitis following hematogenous dissemination via the portal vein
33
what do Acanthomoeba spp. trophozoites look like
Nucleus with a karyosome, filamentous pseudopods
34
what do Acanthomoeba spp. cyst look like
Nucleus with a karyosome, inner and outer cysts
35
What is the this amoeba
Acanthomoeba spp. trophozoite
36
What is this amoeba
Acanthomoeba cyst
37
What Trophozoite and cysts amoeba do these belong to
ancathnomoeba spp.
38
T or F: infection via Naeglera fowleri can occur by swallowing contaminated water
False
39
What is typically the only way a naegleria fowleri infection can be spread
Inhalation
40
The following amoeba is known to infect cattle and primates, what is it and what life stage
N. Fowleri cyst
41
The following amoeba is known to infect cattle and primates, what is it and what is the life stage
N. Fowleri Trophozoite
42
The following amoeba is known to infect cattle and primates, what is it and what is the life stage
N. Fowleri free living flagellate
43
What is the primary disease caused by N. Fowleri
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
44
The following was taken from a cows brain for a suspected amoeba infection. What is the most likely amoeba to be indicated and what has it caused
N. Fowleri causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
45
What is the main therapy option for amoebic infections: drug, dose, duration, and mechanism of action
Drug: metronidazole Dose: 10-25mg/kg Duration: PO BID for 1wk MOA: inhibits DNA synthesis
46
T or F: metronidazole can be given to food animals
False, on FARAD list of drugs never allowed
47
What two life stages do ciliates have
Trophozoites and cysts
48
Ciliates have __ all around the trophozoites and cysts
Cilia
49
What type of nuclei do ciliates have
Dimorphic nuclei- macro nucleus with 1-several micro nuclei
50
T or F: ciliates are considered to be non-pathogenic/commensal
True, but can cause disease in rare cases
51
Describe the pathogenesis of Balantidium coli in the rare case that it causes disease vs normal
Normally, B. Coli doesn’t enter colon and cause tissue destruction, normally is just passed in feces Infectious: trophozoites enter colon and cause tissue destruction
52
The following was taken from the colon of a pig showing signs of a parasitic infection. What is the most common ciliate to be implicated. Also is this a Trophozoite or cyst- how can you tell
Trophozoite- lots of cilia, and this is Balatidium coli
53
The following was taken from a pigs feces with a suspected parasitic infection. What is the most common ciliate to be implicated and it this a cyst or Trophozoite and how do you know
cyst- less obvious cilia and this is B. Coli
54
The following Protozoa are found in forestomach of cows and hind gut of horses. Is this parasitic or commensal
commensal