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Parasitology > Lecture 4: Diagnostic and Treatment > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Diagnostic and Treatment Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 broad classifications of parasites

A

Protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites

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2
Q

Are Protozoa and helminths ecto or endoparasites

A

Endoparasites

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3
Q

Are Protozoa unicellular or multicellular

A

Unicellular

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4
Q

Are helminths multicellular or unicellular

A

Multicellular

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5
Q

Ectoparasites have ___ appendages

A

Jointed

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6
Q

What are the 4 common Protozoal parasites in veterinary medicine

A
  1. Flagellates
  2. Amoeba
  3. Cilliates
  4. Apicomplexans
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7
Q

Giardia and tritichomonas are what type of Protozoal parasite

A

Flagellates

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8
Q

Acanthamoeba and entaemoeba are what types of protozoal parasites

A

Amoeba

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9
Q

Balantidium coli and ichtyhophthirius multifillis are what type of protozoal parasite

A

Cilliates

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10
Q

Toxoplasma gondii, sarcocystis neurona, neospora caninum, cryptosporidium spp, babseia, coccidia (elimeria, isospora) are what types of protozoal parasites

A

Apicomplexans

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11
Q

identify the type of protozoal parasite 1-4

A
  1. Flagellates
  2. Amoeba
  3. Cilliates
  4. Apicomplexans
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12
Q

What are the three common types of helminths classes in veterinary medicine

A
  1. Trematodes (flukes),
  2. cestodes (tapeworms)
    3.nematodes
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13
Q

Fasciola hepatica, fascioloides magna, and paragonimus kellcoti are examples of what type of helminths parasite

A

Trematodes (flukes)

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14
Q

Dipylidium caninum, Taenia spp, echinococcus spp, and moniezia are what types of common helminths parasites

A

Cestodes (tapeworms)

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15
Q

Anycylostoma spp, strongylus spp, Haemonchus contortus, ostertagia ostertagi, roundworms (ascaris spp, toxocara spp, parascaris equorum) are examples of what types of common helminth parasite

A

Nematodes

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16
Q

What are the 5 common ectoparasites in veterinary medicine

A

Ticks, mites, lice, fleas, fleas/ bots

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17
Q

Rhipicephalus sanguineus, amblyomma americanum. Ixodes scapularis, and dermacenter variabilis are examples of what type of common ectoparasites

A

Ticks

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18
Q

Sarcoptes scabiei, demodex canis, cheyletiella spp, otodectes cyonotis are examples of what type of ectoparasites

A

Mites

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19
Q

Linognathus spp, haematripinus spp, trichodetes canis, folio cola subostratus, damalinia spp. are examples of what type of ectoparasites

A

Lice

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20
Q

Are the following lice bloodsucking or chewing: Linognathus spp, haematripinus spp

A

Blood sucking

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21
Q

Are the following lice bloodsucking or chewing: trichodetes canis, folio cola subostratus, damalinia spp.

A

Chewing

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22
Q

Ctenocephalides are examples of what type of ectoparasite

A

Fleas

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23
Q

Gasterophilus intestinal is, cuterebra cuniculi, melophagus ovinus are examples of what type of ectoparasite

A

Flies/bots

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24
Q

What are the concentration techniques in diagnosing endoparasites in feces

A

Fecal flotation, fecal sedimentation and baermann

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25
What do qualitative tests help you determine and what don’t they conclude
Tests help you determine if an animal is infested but doesn’t tell you the degree of infection
26
What are the 5 techniques for feces endoparasites: qualitative
1. Direct visual in feces 2. direct fecal smear 3. Fecal float 4. Fecal sedimentation 5. Baermann
27
Direct fecal smears are not great for detecting
Most GI parasites
28
What is direct fecal smear most useful at detecting
Observing the motility of protozoal parasites that have motile stages- ex: giardia or tritichomonas
29
The fecal flotation solution used must have a ____ specific gravity than most common parasites or egg/cysts
Higher
30
Higher specific gravity of flotation solution allows the eggs/cysts to ____
Float to the top of solution
31
What is a common floatation solution used
Zinc sulfate or sucrose
32
When are fecal sedimentation tests used
To detect eggs/cysts that are too heavy or delicate to concentrate by fecal flotation
33
What type of parasites are fecal sedimentation tests most useful at detecting
Non-nematode eggs: Trematodes and acanthocephalan Certain protozoal cysts: amoebae, ciliates, Giardia spp
34
What is the baermann technique useful for recovering
Nematode larvae from samples that relies on their motility
35
What is the theory behind the baermann technique
Nematode larvae will wiggle out of the biological material, can’t swim against gravity and will fall through water to the area of clamped off tubing
36
What is the baermann technique useful for detecting
Lung worms and strongyloides
37
The baermann technique is useful at detecting what parasites in cats
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (terminal airways/lungs)
38
What is the baermann technique useful at detecting in dogs
Crenosoma vulpis, angiostrongylus vasorum, strongyloides sterocoralis
39
What is the baermann technique useful at detecting in ruminants
Dictyocaulus spp
40
What parasites it the baermann technique not preferred in dogs, use flotation technique
Filaroides hirthi, filaroides osleri, eucoleus
41
What is a direct smear indicated for diagnosing endoparasites
Protozoal GI infection that has motile stages (ex: Giardia and tritichomonas spp)
42
What are the cons to direct smear
Not very sensitivity, do not use as primary diagnostic tool
43
When is a fecal flotation test indicated for diagnosing endoparasites
Nematode infection that produces eggs/cysts
44
What are the cons of fecal flotation
Some eggs and cysts are too heavy to float- use fecal sedimentation
45
When are fecal sedimentation tests indicated for diagnosing endoparasites
Infections with Trematodes, ancanthocephalans, amoebae, ciliates, Giardia
46
What are the cons of fecal sedimentation
Not very sensitive for nematode eggs or coccidian oocysts
47
When is the baermann test indicated for diagnosing endoparasites
Motile larvae will be present in feces- lung worm or strongyloides spp
48
What are the cons of the baermann test
Only useful for isolating motile larval stages
49
How can immunoassays diagnose endoparasites in feces: qualitative examination
Detection of antigens in feces
50
How does PCR diagnose in feces
Detection of parasite DNA
51
What parasites are immunoassays most commonly used for
GI protozoal parasites- Giardia and cryptosporidium
52
What parasites does PCR detect
GI protozoal parasites Giardia and cryptosporidium
53
What will quantitative test indicate
Indicate negative or if detected and if detected a Ct value
54
What does a Ct value determine
Burden of infection
55
Low Ct value=
Higher burden
56
In order for a culture of eggs or larvae to get exact speciation what larvae stage must the nematode be at
L3
57
Culturing of eggs or larvae is commonly used when
For trichostrongyles and stronglyes that commonly infect large animals
58
What is a common technique for diagnosing endoparasites in feces quantitatively
Dilution egg counts
59
What are dilution egg counts good at detecting
Trichostrongyle/strongyle in ruminants and horses
60
Why use a quantitative test not qualitative test in large animals
Large animals almost always have low levels of egg shedding unless they are actively being treated, therefore the question is not are they infected but the degree to which they are infected
61
How does the Cornell-McMaster dilution egg count technique work
Quantify eggs within a diluted fecal sample that is further diluted (1:1) in fecal flotation solution Provides an estimate of eggs/gram of feces
62
Why does the Cornell-McMaster technique dilute with flotation solution
1. Dilution decreases number of eggs you must count—> enhances accuracy 2. Flotation solution allows the eggs to float to to of chamber, floating above fecal debris
63
What are the 4 common types/classifications of eggs
1. Nematode 2. Trematodes 3. Cestodes 4. Protistan cysts and oocysts
64
What are the 4 types of nematodes
1. Ascaridoid 2. Strongyle type 3. Trichuroid 4. Oxyurid
65
Round worms are what type of nematode
Ascaridoid
66
Hookworms, strongyle, and trichostrongyles are what type of nematode
Strongyle-type
67
Trichuris spp (whipworms) and capillarids (eucoleus spp) are examples of what type of nematode
Trichuroid
68
Pinworms are what type of nematode
Oxyurid
69
What are the general characteristics of Ascaridoid (roundworms) on histology
Light brown to brown, round to oval, thick wall
70
What type of endoparasites is this
Ascaridoid eggs/roundworm eggs (nematodes)
71
What is the public health significance of toxocara or bayliscascaris procyonis
Toxocara ocular larval migrants in humans Baylisascaris procyonis is a neurotropic parasite- cerebral larval migration
72
What are the general characteristics of strongyle type nematodes
Elongated oval, thin wall, clear, embryonated
73
What is the following endoparasite
Strongyle type- nematodes
74
What are the general characteristics of Oxyurid eggs/pinworms
Colorless shell and small operculum (cap) on one end
75
what endoparasite is this
Oxyurid egg/pinworms (nematode)
76
What are the general characteristics of Trichuroid eggs (ex: whipworms)
Bipolar plugs (bioperculated), elongate to barrel shape, smooth thick wall
77
What type of endoparasite is this
Trichuroid egg- whipworms egg (nematode)
78
What kind of technique would work best to isolate Trichuroid eggs
Fecal flotation
79
What are the general characteristics of Trichuroid egg: capillarids (whipworms lookalike)
Bipolar plugs less prominent than whipworms and slight curved appearance, can have pitted irregular shells
80
Identify the following endoparasite
Trichuroid egg- capillarids (nematode)
81
What are the general characteristics of trematode eggs
Brown egg with an operculum
82
What kind of technique would work best to isolate the Trematodes egggs
Fecal sedimentation
83
what type of endoparasite is this
Trematode eggs
84
What are the general characteristics of cestodes eggs
Embryonated, 6-hooked oncosphere present inside a thick striated shell, outer shells can vary
85
identify the endoparasite
Cestode eggs
86
What are the general characteristics of protistan cysts and oocysts
Smaller than most other eggs (4-30 microns)
87
identify the endoparasite. Which are cysts and which are oocysts
Protistan cysts- left 2 Protistan oocysts- right 4
88
What are the 3 common techniques for blood parasites
1. Direct blood smears 2.immunoassays 3. Microfilaria concentration techniques: - modified knot’s - millipore filter test
89
What is the direct blood smear typically used for
Identify circulating microfilariae, Protozoa, and rickettsia (bacteria)
90
Identify the parasite in blood smear
dirofilaria immitis
91
identify the parasite in blood smear
Babesia canis
92
What is the preferred microfilaria concentration technique
Modified knots
93
How does microfilaria concentration technique work
Concentrate/filter the loop to increase likelihood microfilaria will be visualized. Usually involves losing RBC
94
When do you do a microfilaria test
After positive immunoassay
95
Why might you get false negatives in microfilaria concentration techniques
Microfilariae are not present in all heart worm infected dogs (rarely found in cats)
96
What are 4 techniques for detecting ectoparasites
1. Direct visualization/identification 2. Skin scarping 3. Cellophane tape prep 4. Skin histopathology
97
How can you use direct visualization to identify species of ticks, lice, and mites
Use external characteristics like ornamentation, mouth parts
98
Short palps and inornate sputum indicate what type of tick
Rhipichephalus
99
Short palps and ornate sputum indicate what type of tick
Dermacentor
100
Long palps and inornate scutum indicates what type of tick
Ixodes
101
Long palps and ornate scutum indicates what type of ticks
Ambylomma
102
When would you use skin scraping technique
Suspect mite infestation
103
When is cellophane tape prep used
Typically for trapping/catching mites/lice that are close to surface, can also be used for Oxyurid equi (pinworm) that deposit eggs along anus

Parasitology (28 decks)

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