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Parasitology > Lecture 14: Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the cell shape of trypanosoma spp.

A

Elongated, spindle shaped cell, single nucleus, posterior flagellum, copious DNA called kinetoplast

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2
Q

What are the routes of transmission for Trypanosomes

A
  1. Insect vectored
  2. Latrogenic
  3. Transplacental
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3
Q

What is the vector for T. Brucei and T. Congolese

A

Tsetse flies (glossina spp)

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4
Q

What disease do tsetse flies commonly spread

A

Nagana disease

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5
Q

What is nagana disease

A

Fatal disease caused by infection with T. Brucei, T. Congolese and T. Vivax

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6
Q

What is the reservoir host for nagana disease

A

Wild ruminants

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7
Q

T or F: nagana disease is only mildly pathogenic in reservoir species, wild ruminants

A

True, fatal in definitive host

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8
Q

What are the causative agents for Nagana disease

A

T. Brucei, T. Conlogenese, T. Vivax

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9
Q

What species are commonly affected by Tsetse transmitted trypanosomes

A

Domestic ruminants, equids, pigs, dogs and cats

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10
Q

What does the acute disease stage of nagana disease look like in cattle

A

High parasitemia with extensive hemorrhages of mucosa and serosal surfaces of the body

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11
Q

What does the chronic disease stage of nagana look like in cattle

A

Cattle become anemic and emaciated

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12
Q

What is the vector for T. Viviax

A

Tabanid flies

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13
Q

What is the reservoir host for T. Vivax

A

Deer

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14
Q

What species does T. Vivax cause disease in

A

Horses, cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats

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15
Q

What is the causative agent for Surra disease

A

T. Evansi

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16
Q

What is the vector for tyrpanosoma Evansi

A

Tabanid flies (horseflies) and vampire bats

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17
Q

What does trypansoma evansi cause in domestic animals

A

Surra disease

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18
Q

What are some clinical signs of Surra disease in horses

A

Fever, weight loss, atrophy, lethargy, anemia, dilation of LN and spleen, postural edema, potentially fatal

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19
Q

How is spread trypanosoma equiperdum

A

Sexually transmitted

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20
Q

What does trypanosoma equiperdium cause and what species is affected

A

Dourine in horses

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21
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute stage dourine in horses

A
  1. Swelling of genitalia
  2. Mucoid discharge at vulva
  3. Edematous patches on skin
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22
Q

What are some signs of chromic stage dourine in horses

A

Emanciation, paresis, intermittent fever, and death

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23
Q

T or F: all spp of trpanosomiasis are morphologically indistinguishable

A

True

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24
Q

How do you diagnose trypanosomiasis

A
  1. Direct visualization in Giemsa stained blood smear
  2. Serological tests- IFA and ELISA
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25
How do you diagnose Surra
1. Direct visualization in giemsa stained blood smear 2. PCR 3. serology 4. Card agglutination test using T. Evansi antigen
26
How do you diagnose Dourine
1. Serology 2. Complement fixation test 3. Direct identification
27
How do you prevent nagana disease
Early detection, stamping out, quarantines, movement controls, euthanasia, arthropod vector control
28
How do you prevent Surra disease
Early detection, eradication via quarantine, movement control and isolation, arthropod vector control
29
How do you prevent dourine disease
New animals being introduced to a herd should be quarantined and tested by serology, euthanize infected
30
What is the vector for T. Cruzi
Kissing bug (Triatome)
31
What does T. Cruzi cause/what is it the causative agent for
Chagas disease
32
What are the routes of infection for chagas disease
1. Vector borne 2. Ingestion of infected bugs or items with bugs feces 3. Transplacentally 4. Blood transfusion 5. Organ transplantation
33
What are the at risk populations for canine chagas disease
1.sport type and working dogs 2. Young dogs 3. Puppies from diseased mothers 4. Dogs that sleep outdoors
34
T or F: sudden death can occur at any of the three stages of chagas disease
True
35
What are the clinical signs in acute phase Chagas’ disease
Fever, anorexia, lethargy, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, cardiac conduction abnormalities or arrhythmias
36
What are the clinical signs of latent phase of chagas disease
No clinical signs, but sudden death may occcur
37
What are the clinical signs of chronic chagas disease
CHF, dilated cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias
38
How do you diagnose canine chagas disease
1. Clinical signs +echocardiographic and ECG 2. Serology-IFA 3. Identification on blood smear 4. PCR
39
What is the standard method of diagnosing chagas disease
Serology- indirect fluorescent antibody
40
How do you prevent chagas disease
Limit contact with triatomine vectors, prevent dogs from eating potentially infected animals (mice and rats), test breeding females to prevent congenital transmission
41
What species is most commonly infected with Leishmania spp.
Dogs
42
What are some modes of transmission for Lesihmania spp.
1. Vector borne by sandflies 2. Latrogenic 3. Transplacental 4. Veneral contact 5. Infected blood
43
What is the vector for Leishmania
Sandflies
44
What is the most common species of Leishmania in dogs/what is the causative agent
L. Infantum
45
___are the main reservoir host for human visceral leishmania caused by L. Infantum
Dogs
46
What are the risk factors for Leishmania in dogs
1. At least 2 years old 2. Prolonged exposure to outdoors 3. Lack of topical insecticide use 4. Short haircoat
47
How is Leishmania commonly spread in North America
1. Dogs imported from southern Europe and South America 2. Kenneled foxhounds, primarily Transplacental 3. Infected blood 4. Venereal transmission
48
Describe the lifecycle of Leishmania Infantum
1. Infect sandfly and mature 2. Sandfly bites dogs and spreads Leishmania 3. Enter macrophages and avoid phagocytosis 4. Proliferate in macrophage, cause lysis and re-invade new cell
49
How long can the incubation of Leishmania be
Up to 7 years
50
What is cutaneous Leishmania look like
Alopecia, scaling and or ulceration, onychogryphosis (abnormally long or brittle claws)
51
What are the clinical signs of visceral Leishmaniasis
Fever, weight loss, muscle atrophy, inappetence, lethargy, oral ulcers, splenomegaly, lymphadenomegaly, mucosal pallor due to anemia
52
Visceral leishmaniasis can result in development of autoantibodies and circulating immune complexes that can lead to what
1. Immune mediated thrombocytopenia 2. Epitaxis 3. Lameness 4. Joint swelling due to immune mediated polyarthritis 5. Myositis 6. Uveitis 7. Vasculities 8. Glomerulonephritis
53
What species/causative agent of Leishmania commonly infect cats
1. L. Mexicana 2. L. Infantum
54
What are some clinical signs of L. Mexicana in cats
Modular and ulcerated skin lesions, typically on the ears
55
What species/what is the causative agent of Leishmania typically infect horses
1. L Infantum 2. L Siamensis 3. L brazilienesis
56
What are some clinical signs of horses with Leishmania
Nodular, ulcerated skin lesions on ears, head, neck, legs
57
What species/ what is the causative agent that commonly infect captive wild mammals
L. Infantum
58
What are some clinical signs of L. Infantum in captive wild mammals
Visceral and/or cutaneous diseases
59
How do you diagnose canine Leishmaniasis
1. Clinical signs and history 2. Microscopy 3. Serology- IFA, ELISA, western blot 4. PCR
60
How do you prevent Leishmaniasis
1. Limit contact with sand flies 2. Vaccines (not available in U.S.) 3. Serologically screen donor dogs and breeding females
61
What is this? (Species are morphologically indistinct so to determine which kind would need background info)
Trypanosoma spp.

Parasitology (28 decks)

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